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Bacterial Structures and Functions
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Bacterial Structures and Functions

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of flagella in bacteria?

  • To transfer DNA between cells
  • For motility (correct)
  • To protect against dehydration
  • To provide structural support

    • Which structure is responsible for the attachment of bacteria to surfaces?

  • Nucleoid
  • Fimbrae (correct)
  • Plasmid
  • Glycocalyx

    • What distinguishes a Gram positive cell wall from a Gram negative cell wall?

  • Presence of an outer membrane
  • Presence of a peptide layer
  • Thickness of peptidoglycan (correct)
  • Lipid composition of the cell membrane

    • What is the function of the glycocalyx in bacteria?

    <p>Attachment, protection, and immune defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the nucleoid in a bacterial cell contain?

    <p>The bacterial chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is found in some prokaryotes but is not essential for survival under normal conditions?

    <p>Plasmid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature is shared by both bacterial and eukaryotic cell membranes?

    <p>Lipid bilayer structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In bacterial cells, plasmids commonly carry genes related to which of the following?

    <p>Antibiotic resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of the bacterial cell wall?

    <p>Peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant difference between fimbrae and pili in bacterial cells?

    <p>Pili are involved in DNA transfer, whereas fimbrae are for attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of prokaryotic ribosomes?

    <p>Protein and RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates prokaryotic flagella from eukaryotic flagella in structure?

    <p>Prokaryotic flagella are made of flagellin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial arrangement refers to having a single flagellum?

    <p>Monotrichous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of bacterial endospores?

    <p>They are resistant to extreme conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a spirochete when it rotates its axial filament?

    <p>It spirals through media like a corkscrew.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Svedberg unit 'S' in relation to ribosomal units?

    <p>A measurement of density.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of flagellar arrangement has flagella located at both ends of the cell?

    <p>Amphitrichous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of inclusions or granules in bacteria?

    <p>They store excess nutrients or metal ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a bacterial endospore?

    <p>A resistant structure that can germinate when conditions improve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do eukaryotic flagella differ in motion compared to prokaryotic flagella?

    <p>They use a whip-like motion through microtubule sliding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the bacterial structure with its description:

    <p>Flagella = Used for motility in some bacteria Pilus = Tube for DNA transfer between cells Fimbrae = Sticky hairs for surface attachment Glycocalyx = Carbohydrate coating for protection and attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the internal structure of bacteria with its function:

    <p>Cytoplasm = Suspends internal structures and contains nutrients Nucleoid = Region containing the bacterial chromosome Chromosome = Double-stranded DNA arranged in a circle Plasmid = Small, non-essential ring of DNA in some bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of cell wall to its characteristic:

    <p>Gram positive = Thick peptidoglycan layer Gram negative = Thin peptidoglycan layer and outer membrane Peptidoglycan = Provides structural support to bacterial cells Cell envelope = Composed of cell wall and membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the component of the bacterial cell envelope with its role:

    <p>Cell wall = Supports and maintains cell shape Cell membrane = Regulates entry and exit of substances Glycocalyx = Aids in attachment and immune protection Capsule = Thick glycocalyx that provides additional protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of bacterial structure with its specific function:

    <p>Flagella = Responsible for mobility Pilus = Facilitates genetic exchange through conjugation Fimbrae = Enables cells to adhere to surfaces Capsule = Protects against desiccation and phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the term with its definition related to bacterial genetics:

    <p>Chromosome = Main genetic material in bacteria Plasmid = Extra, non-essential DNA Nucleoid = Region where the chromosome is located Antibiotic resistance = Common gene found on plasmids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the bacterial structure with its component:

    <p>Cell membrane = Lipid bilayer Cell wall = Peptidoglycan Glycocalyx = Carbohydrate coating Nucleoid = Circular DNA structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of bacterial structure with its primary use:

    <p>Fimbrae = Attachment to surfaces Flagella = Locomotion Pilus = Conjugation Capsule = Protection against immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the component of the bacterial cell with its description:

    <p>Cytoplasm = Jelly-like solution containing cell components Chromosome = The core genetic material in a prokaryote Plasmid = Bonus DNA that may confer advantages Glycocalyx = Sticky layer for attachment and protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the bacterial structures with their descriptions:

    <p>Ribosomes = Sites for protein production consisting of protein and RNA Inclusions/Granules = Storage structures for excess nutrients or metal ions Endospores = Resistant structures that survive poor conditions Prokaryotic Flagella = Rotating appendages that push the cell through media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the flagellar arrangements with their characteristics:

    <p>Monotrichous = One flagellum at one end of the cell Amphitrichous = Flagella present at both ends of the cell Lophotrichous = A bundle of flagella at one end Peritrichous = Flagella distributed all around the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the bacterial endospore features with their properties:

    <p>Thick protein coat = Protects DNA from extreme conditions Germination = Returns to vegetative state in favorable conditions Heat resistance = Can survive extreme temperatures Longevity = Capable of lasting millions of years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of flagella with their respective locations:

    <p>Monotrichous = Single flagellum Amphitrichous = Flagella at opposite ends Lophotrichous = Tuft of flagella Peritrichous = Flagella all over the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the characteristics of ribosomes with their specific types:

    <p>70S ribosomes = Prokaryotic ribosomes made of 50S and 30S subunits 80S ribosomes = Eukaryotic ribosomes made of 60S and 40S subunits 50S subunit = Part of ribosome structure in prokaryotes 30S subunit = Smaller component of prokaryotic ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the flagellar structure with its description:

    <p>Prokaryotic Flagella = Made of flagellin and rotates Eukaryotic Flagella = Made of microtubules and has a whip-like motion Axial Filament = Wraps around spirochetes and causes bending Spiraling Motion = Corkscrew movement of spirochetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of inclusion/granule with its function:

    <p>Nutrient inclusions = Storage of excess nutrients Metal ion granules = Storage of metal ions Gas vacuoles = Buoyancy for aquatic bacteria Polyhydroxybutyrate = Energy storage polymer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the unique features of spirochetes with their characteristics:

    <p>Curly cue shape = Identified by their unique axial filaments Bending motion = Result of axial filament rotation Corkskrew movement = Method of locomotion for spirochetes Thin outer membrane = Covers the axial filament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the functions of bacterial endospores with their survival traits:

    <p>Chemical resistance = Survives exposure to harsh chemicals Heat resistance = Remains viable under high temperatures UV light resistance = Protected against radiation exposure Dehydration survival = Can withstand extreme dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Extensions from the Cell

    • Flagella: Present in some bacteria, used for motility; structure differs from eukaryotic flagella, made of flagellin, rotates 360 degrees to push the cell.
    • Pilus: A hollow tube in some bacteria for transferring DNA between cells, a process known as conjugation.
    • Fimbrae: Sticky hair-like projections present in some bacteria, important for attaching to surfaces and other cells.

    Cell Envelope

    • Glycocalyx: A slippery carbohydrate layer around the cell wall, often termed slime layer or capsule; aids in attachment, protection against dehydration and immune cells.
    • Cell Wall: Composed of peptidoglycan, providing structural support; classified into two types: Gram positive and Gram negative.
    • Cell Membrane: Lipid bilayer regulating substance entry and exit; resembles eukaryotic membranes but lacks sterols.

    Internal Structures

    • Cytoplasm: Jelly-like fluid in all cells, contains nutrients and ions; supports other internal structures.
    • Nucleoid: Non-membrane-bound region where the bacterial chromosome (double-stranded DNA in a circle) is located; typically contains a single copy.
    • Chromosome: Circular DNA structure, key genetic material in bacteria.
    • Plasmid: Small, non-essential rings of DNA found in some prokaryotes, often carrying genes for antibiotic resistance or other advantageous traits.
    • Ribosomes: Sites for protein synthesis; prokaryotic ribosomes (70S) are composed of two subunits (50S and 30S).
    • Inclusions/Granules: Storage structures for nutrients or metal ions found in some bacteria.
    • Endospores: Highly resistant structures formed by some bacteria to survive extreme conditions, can revert to vegetative cells when favorable conditions return.

    Prokaryotic Flagella

    • Structure: Unique to prokaryotes, made of flagellin; differs from eukaryotic flagella which are made of microtubules.
    • Functionality: The rotating flagella push the cell through the medium, while eukaryotic flagella use a whip-like motion to move.

    Axial Filament

    • Unusual Flagellum: Found exclusively in spirochetes; wrapped around the cell, enabling it to spiral through media when rotated, contributing to its distinctive corkscrew shape.

    Flagellar Arrangements

    • Monotrichous: Single flagellum.
    • Amphitrichous: Flagella at both ends.
    • Lophotrichous: Bundles of flagella at one end.
    • Peritrichous: Flagella distributed all over the cell surface.

    Bacterial Endospores

    • Structure: Thick protein coat surrounding DNA in a dormant state, formed by certain Gram Positive bacteria.
    • Survivability: Extremely resistant to heat, chemicals, and environmental extremes; some can survive for millions of years before germinating under suitable conditions.

    Extensions from the Cell

    • Flagella: Present in some bacteria, used for motility; structure differs from eukaryotic flagella, made of flagellin, rotates 360 degrees to push the cell.
    • Pilus: A hollow tube in some bacteria for transferring DNA between cells, a process known as conjugation.
    • Fimbrae: Sticky hair-like projections present in some bacteria, important for attaching to surfaces and other cells.

    Cell Envelope

    • Glycocalyx: A slippery carbohydrate layer around the cell wall, often termed slime layer or capsule; aids in attachment, protection against dehydration and immune cells.
    • Cell Wall: Composed of peptidoglycan, providing structural support; classified into two types: Gram positive and Gram negative.
    • Cell Membrane: Lipid bilayer regulating substance entry and exit; resembles eukaryotic membranes but lacks sterols.

    Internal Structures

    • Cytoplasm: Jelly-like fluid in all cells, contains nutrients and ions; supports other internal structures.
    • Nucleoid: Non-membrane-bound region where the bacterial chromosome (double-stranded DNA in a circle) is located; typically contains a single copy.
    • Chromosome: Circular DNA structure, key genetic material in bacteria.
    • Plasmid: Small, non-essential rings of DNA found in some prokaryotes, often carrying genes for antibiotic resistance or other advantageous traits.
    • Ribosomes: Sites for protein synthesis; prokaryotic ribosomes (70S) are composed of two subunits (50S and 30S).
    • Inclusions/Granules: Storage structures for nutrients or metal ions found in some bacteria.
    • Endospores: Highly resistant structures formed by some bacteria to survive extreme conditions, can revert to vegetative cells when favorable conditions return.

    Prokaryotic Flagella

    • Structure: Unique to prokaryotes, made of flagellin; differs from eukaryotic flagella which are made of microtubules.
    • Functionality: The rotating flagella push the cell through the medium, while eukaryotic flagella use a whip-like motion to move.

    Axial Filament

    • Unusual Flagellum: Found exclusively in spirochetes; wrapped around the cell, enabling it to spiral through media when rotated, contributing to its distinctive corkscrew shape.

    Flagellar Arrangements

    • Monotrichous: Single flagellum.
    • Amphitrichous: Flagella at both ends.
    • Lophotrichous: Bundles of flagella at one end.
    • Peritrichous: Flagella distributed all over the cell surface.

    Bacterial Endospores

    • Structure: Thick protein coat surrounding DNA in a dormant state, formed by certain Gram Positive bacteria.
    • Survivability: Extremely resistant to heat, chemicals, and environmental extremes; some can survive for millions of years before germinating under suitable conditions.

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    Description

    Explore the various extensions and components of bacterial cells including flagella, pili, fimbrae, and the glycocalyx. This quiz will test your knowledge on how these structures contribute to bacterial motility, attachment, and DNA transfer. Perfect for biology students focusing on microbiology.

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