Bacterial Structure and Flagellar Arrangements

Flagellar Arrangements

• Atrichous: Bacteria lacking flagella
• Lophotrichous: Bacteria with tufts of flagella at one or both ends
• Monotrichous: Bacteria with a single flagellum at one end
• Peritrichous: Bacteria with flagella distributed over the entire surface
• Amphitrichous: Bacteria with flagella at both ends

Bacterial Structure Functions

• Cell Wall: Provides cell shape and protection from osmotic lysis
• Endospore: A dormant, resistant structure produced by some bacteria
• Fimbriae: Hair-like appendages for attachment to surfaces
• Flagella: Responsible for bacterial motility
• Glycocalyx: A protective coating around the bacterial cell
• Pili: Used in conjugation (transfer of genetic material)
• Plasma Membrane: Controls passage of substances in and out of cell; selectively permeable
• Ribosomes: Involved in protein synthesis

Gram Staining Differences

• Differentiate Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria based on staining characteristics.

Obligate Aerobe Differences

• Obligate aerobes require oxygen for growth
  • Obligate anaerobes cannot tolerate oxygen

Gram Staining Steps

• Explain the step-by-step procedure for Gram staining.

Acid-Fast Staining Steps

• Explain the step-by-step procedure for acid-fast staining

Cocci Groupings

• Draw and label different arrangements of cocci (e.g., diplococci, streptococci, staphylococci).

Hypertonic, Isotonic, and Hypotonic Solutions in Passive Diffusion

• Differentiate hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions in the context of passive diffusion.

Bacterial Colony Morphology

• Draw and label different bacterial colony types (e.g., circular, irregular, filamentous).