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Questions and Answers
What is the main difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?
What is the main difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?
- Gram negative bacteria have lipoteichoic acids in their cell membrane.
- Gram positive bacteria have an outer membrane composed of phospholipids.
- Gram positive bacteria has endotoxin
- Gram negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer while positive gram has thick layer (correct)
Which component is unique to the lipopolysaccharide layer found in gram negative bacteria?
Which component is unique to the lipopolysaccharide layer found in gram negative bacteria?
- Teichoic acids
- Core Polysaccharide (correct)
- Phospholipids
- Peptidoglycan
What is the significance of endotoxins found in gram negative bacteria?
What is the significance of endotoxins found in gram negative bacteria?
- They can cause symptoms like fever and weakness in patients. (correct)
- They are non-antigenic.
- They help in food production.
- They are only present in gram positive bacteria.
Which type of bacteria reacts to the stain by giving a blue color?
Which type of bacteria reacts to the stain by giving a blue color?
What is the main function of teichoic and lipoteichoic acids in gram positive bacteria?
What is the main function of teichoic and lipoteichoic acids in gram positive bacteria?
Which layer is common in both gram positive and gram negative bacteria?
Which layer is common in both gram positive and gram negative bacteria?
What is the term used to refer to the actively growing form of a bacterial cell?
What is the term used to refer to the actively growing form of a bacterial cell?
Which bacterial cells are commonly found to produce spores?
Which bacterial cells are commonly found to produce spores?
What is the function of calcium dipicolinate (dipicolinic acid) in the spore cytoplasm of bacterial spores?
What is the function of calcium dipicolinate (dipicolinic acid) in the spore cytoplasm of bacterial spores?
Why are bacterial spores highly resistant to chemical agents?
Why are bacterial spores highly resistant to chemical agents?
What makes the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial spores less cross-linked than in most bacterial cells?
What makes the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial spores less cross-linked than in most bacterial cells?
Which scientist successfully demonstrated that maggots came from fly eggs and disproved spontaneous generation?
Which scientist successfully demonstrated that maggots came from fly eggs and disproved spontaneous generation?
What is an example of a myth related to spontaneous generation mentioned in the text?
What is an example of a myth related to spontaneous generation mentioned in the text?
Who developed the aseptic technique to prevent contamination in experiments?
Who developed the aseptic technique to prevent contamination in experiments?
What did the swan-necked flask experiments demonstrate?
What did the swan-necked flask experiments demonstrate?
Which scientist discovered differences in the ability of heat to kill various bacteria-containing cultures?
Which scientist discovered differences in the ability of heat to kill various bacteria-containing cultures?
What did Pasteur filter through cotton plugs to show the decontamination of sterile broths?
What did Pasteur filter through cotton plugs to show the decontamination of sterile broths?
What is one of the defects associated with congenital zika syndrome?
What is one of the defects associated with congenital zika syndrome?
How is diagnosis of congenital zika syndrome typically confirmed for live births?
How is diagnosis of congenital zika syndrome typically confirmed for live births?
What is included in the prevention measures for congenital zika syndrome?
What is included in the prevention measures for congenital zika syndrome?
Which part of a baby's body is examined as part of the comprehensive physical exam for the prevention of congenital zika syndrome?
Which part of a baby's body is examined as part of the comprehensive physical exam for the prevention of congenital zika syndrome?
Why is it mentioned that there is no specific antiviral treatment for the Zika virus in the text?
Why is it mentioned that there is no specific antiviral treatment for the Zika virus in the text?
What aspect of international trips is recommended to be assessed for preventing congenital zika syndrome?
What aspect of international trips is recommended to be assessed for preventing congenital zika syndrome?
What is the term used to describe organisms that are relatively fixed types regularly found in a specific area of the body at a given age?
What is the term used to describe organisms that are relatively fixed types regularly found in a specific area of the body at a given age?
Which statement best describes the role of normal flora in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic organisms?
Which statement best describes the role of normal flora in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic organisms?
Which function of normal flora involves synthesizing important vitamins essential to humans?
Which function of normal flora involves synthesizing important vitamins essential to humans?
How long do transient flora typically inhabit the skin and mucous membranes?
How long do transient flora typically inhabit the skin and mucous membranes?
Which of the following is NOT a function of normal flora as mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a function of normal flora as mentioned in the text?
What is a key difference between transient and resident flora based on the text?
What is a key difference between transient and resident flora based on the text?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Microbiology and Parasitology
- Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, including their structure, function, and interactions with the environment and hosts.
- Importance of microbiology: food production, maintenance of ecosystems, development of antibiotics and drugs, and understanding of human health and disease.
Key Contributors to Microbiology
- Redi: demonstrated that maggots come from fly eggs, disproving spontaneous generation.
- Pasteur: developed aseptic technique, showed that microbes cause fermentation and spoilage, and developed a rabies vaccine.
Microscopes
- Different types of microscopes are used for various purposes, including observation, identification, and study of microorganisms.
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- Prokaryotes: single-celled organisms without a true nucleus, e.g., bacteria.
- Eukaryotes: single-celled organisms with a true nucleus, e.g., animals, plants, fungi.
Microorganisms
- Gram-positive bacteria: have a thick peptidoglycan layer, teichoic and lipoteichoic acids, and react to the stain to give a blue color.
- Gram-negative bacteria: have a thin peptidoglycan layer, an outer membrane with transport proteins and lipoproteins, and react to the stain to give a red or pink color.
- Lipopolysaccharide layer: composed of O-antigen, core polysaccharide, and lipid A (endotoxin), only found in gram-negative bacteria.
Human Microbiome
- National Microbiome Initiative: aims to understand the human microbiome and its impact on health and disease.
- Functions of normal flora: inhibit growth of pathogenic organisms, protect organs and systems, synthesize important vitamins, and aid in digestion.
- Transient flora: microorganisms that temporarily inhabit the skin and mucous membrane, derived from the environment.
- Resident flora: microorganisms that are relatively fixed and regularly found in a given area of the body at a given age.
Endospores
- Formed by certain bacteria when starved, resistant to adverse conditions, and highly resistant to chemical agents.
- Contain a dehydrated form of muramic acid and calcium dipicolinate.
- Found in genera Bacillus and Clostridium.
Zika Virus
- National Microbiome Initiative: assesses the impact of Zika virus on human health.
- Defects: severe microcephaly, decreased brain tissue, and specific pattern of brain damage.
- Diagnosis: head circumference at birth less than the 3rd percentile for gestational age.
- Prevention: comprehensive physical exam, testing for Zika virus infection, and measures to prevent mosquito bites.
- Treatment: no specific antiviral treatment exists, but supportive care is available.
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