Bacterial Infections Quiz
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Which of the following is a learning outcome of the lecture on clinically important streptococci?

  • Understanding the history of streptococci research
  • Choosing the appropriate antimicrobial agents to treat infections caused by clinically important streptococci (correct)
  • Exploring the genetic makeup of streptococci
  • Learning about the cultural significance of streptococci

    • What is a key focus of the lecture on clinically important streptococci?

  • Recognizing & describing the clinical features and complications of infections caused by clinically important streptococci (correct)
  • Exploring the impact of streptococci on the environment
  • Analyzing the economic implications of streptococci infections
  • Studying the behavior of streptococci in laboratory settings

    • What is the main objective of outlining the diagnosis of infections caused by clinically important streptococci?

  • To explore the cultural implications of streptococci infections
  • To facilitate accurate and timely identification of streptococci infections (correct)
  • To analyze the genetic variations in different streptococci strains
  • To understand the historical context of streptococci research

    • Which antibiotic is recommended as the first-line treatment for enterococci?

    <p>Amoxicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most commonly used antibiotic for nearly all β-haemolytic streptococci?

    <p>Penicillins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the antibiotic of choice for penicillin-resistant pneumococci?

    <p>Cephalosporins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended antibiotic for treatment of meningitis caused by streptococci?

    <p>Ceftriaxone (3rd gen)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be used if a rash develops with penicillin treatment?

    <p>Cephalosporins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the antibiotic of choice for enterococci if resistant to amoxicillin?

    <p>Vancomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first line of treatment for VRE (vancomycin resistant enterococci)?

    <p>Linezolid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended vaccine for pneumococcal infection?

    <p>Pneumococcal vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who are the target groups for pneumococcal vaccination?

    <p>Children, adults over 65 years, and clinical risk groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if Group A strep is confirmed in a patient with iGAS?

    <p>Isolate in a single room until 24 hours on appropriate antimicrobial therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a well-recognised post-infectious immune mediated complication of untreated Group A streptococcus pharyngitis?

    <p>Rheumatic fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action in case of urgent emotional support needed by a student?

    <p>Contact the student assistance programme available 24/7/365</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Streptococcus pyogenes?

    <p>It is a clinically important β-hemolytic streptococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are streptococci classified?

    <p>Based on their actions on blood-containing agar, antigens in their cell walls, and molecular classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the diseases caused by Group A streptococci?

    <p>Pharyngitis, scarlet fever, and toxic shock syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can streptococcal infections be diagnosed?

    <p>Through culture, Gram staining, and microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some key measures to prevent streptococcal infections?

    <p>Promoting good hygiene, timely diagnosis and treatment, and vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the virulence factors possessed by Group A streptococci?

    <p>M-proteins, cytolytic toxins, and pyrogenic exotoxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consequence of streptococcal infections?

    <p>Rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is public health surveillance of streptococcal infections crucial?

    <p>For monitoring trends and implementing preventive measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organisms are streptococci?

    <p>Gram-positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of Streptococcus pyogenes based on?

    <p>Actions on blood-containing agar, antigens in their cell walls, and molecular classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of invasive group A strep?

    <p>It is a notifiable disease, and its prevalence in Ireland is monitored</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can streptococci cause by invading sterile body sites?

    <p>Significant disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of healthy children carrying Streptococcus pneumoniae?

    <p>20-40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor allowing typing of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains?

    <p>Polysaccharide capsule with over 90 serotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infection is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae spread through respiratory droplets?

    <p>Invasive pneumococcal disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common symptoms of pneumococcal pneumonia?

    <p>Pleuritic chest pain, shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of sinusitis, otitis media, and meningitis?

    <p>S. pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Enterococci resistant to?

    <p>Vancomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infections caused by Enterococci occur in which type of patients?

    <p>At-risk patients, especially those with recent surgery, underlying disease, or prolonged hospitalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infections can be caused by Anaerobic streptococcus Peptostreptococcus?

    <p>Aspiration pneumonia, brain abscess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is involved in the diagnosis of streptococcal infections?

    <p>Clinical suspicion, appropriate samples sent to the laboratory, Gram stain, culture, serology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism of antimicrobial resistance in S. pneumoniae?

    <p>Altering the structure of penicillin-binding proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the resistance rate of S. pneumoniae to penicillin in Ireland in 2020?

    <p>17.6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period of streptococcal pharyngitis?

    <p>2-4 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which streptococcal infection is associated with delayed-type skin reactivity to a pyrogenic toxin?

    <p>Scarlet fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of streptococcal infections that can lead to permanent renal damage?

    <p>Acute glomerulonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mortality rate of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which streptococcal species can cause neonatal sepsis and is carried by a significant percentage of women intermittently in the vagina?

    <p>Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococci)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the virulence mechanisms of Group B Streptococci?

    <p>Capsule polysaccharide, haemolysins, hyaluronidase, and surface proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of streptococci is most likely to exhibit alpha haemolysis when cultured on blood agar?

    <p>Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which streptococcal species is the most likely causative pathogen in a clinical case of an 80-year-old female with productive cough, shortness of breath, pleuritic chest pain, and fever?

    <p>Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which streptococcal species is associated with suppurative complications like peritonsillar abscess?

    <p>Streptococcus pyogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which streptococcal species is associated with non-suppurative sequelae like acute glomerulonephritis and acute rheumatic fever?

    <p>Streptococcus pyogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which streptococcal species is associated with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome?

    <p>Streptococcus pyogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bacterial Infections: Pneumococcus, Enterococci, Streptococcus, and Diagnosis

    • Streptococcus pneumoniae, a Gram-positive cocci, is carried by 5-10% of healthy adults and 20-40% of healthy children.
    • It has a polysaccharide capsule with over 90 serotypes, allowing typing of strains, and vaccines are available against some serotypes.
    • The bacteria cause invasive pneumococcal disease, spread through respiratory droplets, and invade the oropharynx mediated by adhesins.
    • Pneumococcal pneumonia symptoms include pleuritic chest pain, shortness of breath, and may lead to complications such as parapneumonic effusion and bacteraemia.
    • S. pneumoniae is a common cause of sinusitis, otitis media, meningitis, and bloodstream infections.
    • Enterococci are found in the bowel flora, are usually low virulence, and are resistant to vancomycin.
    • Enterococcal infections occur in at-risk patients, especially those with recent surgery, underlying disease, or prolonged hospitalization.
    • Infections include urinary tract infections, endocarditis, bloodstream infections, wound infections, and intra-abdominal infections.
    • Infective endocarditis is caused by bacteria attaching to damaged heart valves and forming vegetations.
    • Anaerobic streptococcus Peptostreptococcus can cause infections such as aspiration pneumonia, sinusitis, brain abscess, intra-abdominal abscesses, and pelvic infections.
    • Diagnosis of streptococcal infections involves clinical suspicion based on features, appropriate samples sent to the laboratory, and identification through Gram stain, culture, and serology.
    • Antimicrobial resistance in S. pneumoniae includes altering the structure of penicillin-binding proteins, leading to different levels of resistance. In 2020, the resistance rate in Ireland was 17.6%.

    Streptococcal Infections Overview

    • Streptococcal pharyngitis is a common childhood bacterial infection, occasionally due to Group C or G, spread through person-to-person contact via droplets, facilitated by overcrowding, with an incubation period of 2-4 days.
    • Symptoms of streptococcal pharyngitis include sore throat, fever, headache, and nausea, with physical examination revealing redness, oedema, lymphoid hyperplasia, enlarged tonsils with exudate, and tender lymph nodes.
    • Complications of streptococcal infections include suppurative complications like peritonsillar abscess and non-suppurative sequelae like acute glomerulonephritis and acute rheumatic fever.
    • Scarlet fever, characterized by delayed-type skin reactivity to a pyrogenic toxin with pharyngitis and rash, is associated with streptococcal infections.
    • Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome is a serious infection with a mortality rate approaching 40% and is characterized by soft tissue inflammation, fever, chills, and multi-organ failure.
    • Rheumatic fever, associated with streptococcal pharyngitis, can lead to cardiac tissue damage, while acute glomerulonephritis, also associated with streptococcal pharyngitis, can lead to permanent renal damage.
    • Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococci) can cause neonatal sepsis and is carried by 10-40% of women intermittently in the vagina, with risk factors including maternal colonization and premature delivery.
    • Group B Streptococci's virulence mechanisms include capsule polysaccharide, haemolysins, hyaluronidase, and surface proteins, with different serotypes associated with colonisation and disease.
    • Other β-haemolytic streptococci, like Group C and G, and α-haemolytic streptococci, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, can cause similar diseases as Group A streptococcus without the immunological complications.
    • Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most likely causative pathogen in a clinical case of an 80-year-old female with productive cough, shortness of breath, pleuritic chest pain, and fever.
    • When S. pneumoniae is cultured on blood agar, it is most likely to exhibit alpha haemolysis.

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    BMFL2 Streptococci 23 NR.pptx

    Description

    Test your knowledge of bacterial infections with this quiz. Explore topics such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, enterococci, streptococcal pharyngitis, and diagnosis of streptococcal infections. Challenge yourself with questions on symptoms, complications, and virulence mechanisms.

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