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Questions and Answers
What is the typical range for the mean duration of bacterial carriage in salmonella infections?
What is the typical range for the mean duration of bacterial carriage in salmonella infections?
Which symptom is typically NOT associated with the initial stages of salmonella infections?
Which symptom is typically NOT associated with the initial stages of salmonella infections?
In which scenario is bacteremia more likely to occur in salmonella infections?
In which scenario is bacteremia more likely to occur in salmonella infections?
What are stool cultures able to show following recovery from a salmonella infection?
What are stool cultures able to show following recovery from a salmonella infection?
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What is the common pattern of fever observed in patients suffering from salmonella infections?
What is the common pattern of fever observed in patients suffering from salmonella infections?
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What is the typical incubation period for Salmonella infections?
What is the typical incubation period for Salmonella infections?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with enteric fever caused by Salmonella?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with enteric fever caused by Salmonella?
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Which organism is primarily responsible for the majority of clinical diseases caused by Salmonella?
Which organism is primarily responsible for the majority of clinical diseases caused by Salmonella?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of typhoidal Salmonella infections?
Which of the following is a characteristic of typhoidal Salmonella infections?
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What classification do most Salmonella infections fall under?
What classification do most Salmonella infections fall under?
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Study Notes
Bacterial Infections of the CVS and Lymphatics 2
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Enterobacteriaceae are a large group of gram-negative rods found in the intestinal tracts of humans and animals.
- Characteristics: Faculative anaerobes, ferment glucose, reduce nitrate, and are oxidase-negative.
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Lactose fermentation:
- Rapid: Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella.
- Slow: Serratia, some Shigella sonnei (extended incubation), Salmonella Arizona subgroup.
- Not fermented: Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella.
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Antigenic Structures:
- O Antigens: >150, heat-stable, found on the cell wall.
- K Antigens (Capsular Antigens): >100, heat-labile, interfere with O antigen agglutination.
- H Antigens (Flagellar Antigens): >50, located on flagella, denatured by heat/alcohol.
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Escherichia coli (E. coli):
- Clinical Diseases: Urinary tract infections, diarrheal diseases (EPEC, ETEC, STEC, EIEC, EAEC), meningitis, sepsis.
- Laboratory Tests: Gram staining, MacConkey/EMB Agar, Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) Test, IMVIC Test.
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Salmonella spp.:
- Characteristics: Gram-negative rods, non-sporeformers.
- Classifications: Typhoidal (e.g., Typhi, Paratyphi) and non-typhoidal.
- Clinical Diseases: Enteric fever (typhoid fever), enterocolitis, septicemia.
- Laboratory Diagnosis: Differential Medium Cultures, enrichment culturing, selective medium cultures, serological methods.
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Proteus spp.:
- Characteristics: Gram-negative, highly motile bacilli.
- Laboratory Diagnosis: Swarming motility, urease production, indole test, TSI reaction.
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Serratia spp.:
- Characteristics: Motile, slow lactose fermenters, important opportunistic pathogens.
- Clinical Diseases: Pneumonia, bacteremia, wound infections, meningitis, and endocarditis (IV drug users).
- Laboratory Diagnosis: Red pigment (prodigiosin), DNAse, nitrate, citrate, ornithine decarboxylase, Voges-Proskauer, TSI.
- Prevention: Good hygiene, food safety procedures, vaccine use (where available).
Treatment
- E. coli: Fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin), Azithromycin.
- Salmonella: Azithromycin, 3rd generation cephalosporin (ceftriaxone), fluoroquinolone.
- Proteus: Penicillin-related antibiotics, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, imipenem.
- Serratia spp.: Difficult treatment due to antibiotic resistance. Therapy may depend on exact strain.
Additional Information
- Bacterial Identification: Different tests distinguish characteristics and species of bacteria.
- Etiologic Agents: Understanding the specific causative agents of infections.
- Clinical Diseases: Recognizing specific illnesses and associated risk factors.
- Management and control measures: Strategies for managing infections.
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Description
Explore the characteristics, antigenic structures, and clinical implications of Enterobacteriaceae in the context of cardiovascular and lymphatic infections. This quiz covers key bacteria like Escherichia coli and various fermentation patterns relevant to clinical microbiology.
