Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the typical range for the mean duration of bacterial carriage in salmonella infections?
What is the typical range for the mean duration of bacterial carriage in salmonella infections?
- 3-4 weeks
- 6-8 weeks
- 4-5 weeks (correct)
- 1-2 weeks
Which symptom is typically NOT associated with the initial stages of salmonella infections?
Which symptom is typically NOT associated with the initial stages of salmonella infections?
- Constipation (correct)
- Fever
- Diarrhea
- Nausea
In which scenario is bacteremia more likely to occur in salmonella infections?
In which scenario is bacteremia more likely to occur in salmonella infections?
- In healthy adults
- In immunocompromised patients (correct)
- In children under 5 years old
- In pregnant women
What are stool cultures able to show following recovery from a salmonella infection?
What are stool cultures able to show following recovery from a salmonella infection?
What is the common pattern of fever observed in patients suffering from salmonella infections?
What is the common pattern of fever observed in patients suffering from salmonella infections?
What is the typical incubation period for Salmonella infections?
What is the typical incubation period for Salmonella infections?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with enteric fever caused by Salmonella?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with enteric fever caused by Salmonella?
Which organism is primarily responsible for the majority of clinical diseases caused by Salmonella?
Which organism is primarily responsible for the majority of clinical diseases caused by Salmonella?
Which of the following is a characteristic of typhoidal Salmonella infections?
Which of the following is a characteristic of typhoidal Salmonella infections?
What classification do most Salmonella infections fall under?
What classification do most Salmonella infections fall under?
Flashcards
Incubation period of Marijuana
Incubation period of Marijuana
The time between exposure to marijuana and the appearance of symptoms, typically 10-14 days.
Symptoms of Marijuana Use
Symptoms of Marijuana Use
Fever (39.0°C to 40°C), malaise, headache, constipation, bradycardia, myalgia, spleen & liver enlargement, and rose spots.
Salmonella Species
Salmonella Species
Salmonella is divided into two species (S. enterica) and classified as "typhoidal" and "non-typhoidal" based on strains.
Salmonella enterica subspecies 1
Salmonella enterica subspecies 1
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Rose Spots
Rose Spots
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Salmonella Bacteremia
Salmonella Bacteremia
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Fever pattern in Salmonella
Fever pattern in Salmonella
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Typical Salmonella fever
Typical Salmonella fever
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Stool Culture in Salmonella
Stool Culture in Salmonella
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Blood Culture in Salmonella
Blood Culture in Salmonella
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Duration of Salmonella Carriage
Duration of Salmonella Carriage
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Early Salmonella Symptoms
Early Salmonella Symptoms
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Best time for stool culture
Best time for stool culture
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Study Notes
Bacterial Infections of the CVS and Lymphatics 2
- Enterobacteriaceae are a large group of gram-negative rods found in the intestinal tracts of humans and animals.
- Characteristics: Faculative anaerobes, ferment glucose, reduce nitrate, and are oxidase-negative.
- Lactose fermentation:
- Rapid: Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella.
- Slow: Serratia, some Shigella sonnei (extended incubation), Salmonella Arizona subgroup.
- Not fermented: Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella.
- Antigenic Structures:
- O Antigens: >150, heat-stable, found on the cell wall.
- K Antigens (Capsular Antigens): >100, heat-labile, interfere with O antigen agglutination.
- H Antigens (Flagellar Antigens): >50, located on flagella, denatured by heat/alcohol.
- Escherichia coli (E. coli):
- Clinical Diseases: Urinary tract infections, diarrheal diseases (EPEC, ETEC, STEC, EIEC, EAEC), meningitis, sepsis.
- Laboratory Tests: Gram staining, MacConkey/EMB Agar, Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) Test, IMVIC Test.
- Salmonella spp.:
- Characteristics: Gram-negative rods, non-sporeformers.
- Classifications: Typhoidal (e.g., Typhi, Paratyphi) and non-typhoidal.
- Clinical Diseases: Enteric fever (typhoid fever), enterocolitis, septicemia.
- Laboratory Diagnosis: Differential Medium Cultures, enrichment culturing, selective medium cultures, serological methods.
- Proteus spp.:
- Characteristics: Gram-negative, highly motile bacilli.
- Laboratory Diagnosis: Swarming motility, urease production, indole test, TSI reaction.
- Serratia spp.:
- Characteristics: Motile, slow lactose fermenters, important opportunistic pathogens.
- Clinical Diseases: Pneumonia, bacteremia, wound infections, meningitis, and endocarditis (IV drug users).
- Laboratory Diagnosis: Red pigment (prodigiosin), DNAse, nitrate, citrate, ornithine decarboxylase, Voges-Proskauer, TSI.
- Prevention: Good hygiene, food safety procedures, vaccine use (where available).
Treatment
- E. coli: Fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin), Azithromycin.
- Salmonella: Azithromycin, 3rd generation cephalosporin (ceftriaxone), fluoroquinolone.
- Proteus: Penicillin-related antibiotics, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, imipenem.
- Serratia spp.: Difficult treatment due to antibiotic resistance. Therapy may depend on exact strain.
Additional Information
- Bacterial Identification: Different tests distinguish characteristics and species of bacteria.
- Etiologic Agents: Understanding the specific causative agents of infections.
- Clinical Diseases: Recognizing specific illnesses and associated risk factors.
- Management and control measures: Strategies for managing infections.
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