Bacterial Infections and Treatment
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Questions and Answers

What is the mechanism of action of vancomycin and teicoplanin?

  • They stimulate cell wall synthesis
  • They activate cell membrane permeability
  • They inhibit cell wall synthesis (correct)
  • They inactivate cytoplasmic enzymes

    • What is the effect of vancomycin and teicoplanin on the bacterial cell?

  • It becomes resistant to antibiotics
  • It swells and bursts (correct)
  • It shrinks and becomes dormant
  • It forms a biofilm

    • Why are vancomycin and teicoplanin not effective against Gram-negative organisms?

  • They cannot diffuse through the outer cell membrane due to their larger molecular size (correct)
  • They are ineffective against aerobic organisms
  • They are inactivated by beta-lactamases
  • They are sensitive to penicillinases

    • What is a common adverse effect of vancomycin?

    <p>Nephrotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the route of administration for vancomycin?

    <p>Intravenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organisms is vancomycin effective against?

    <p>Aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive cocci and bacilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of vancomycin on the bacterial cell membrane?

    <p>It damages the membrane and alters permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do vancomycin and teicoplanin bind to the bacterial cell wall?

    <p>They bind to the D-alanyl-D-alanine portion of the peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of action of vancomycin and teicoplanin?

    <p>Bactericidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is vancomycin used to treat orally?

    <p>Pseudomembranous enterocolitis caused by C.difficile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of vancomycin due to histamine release?

    <p>Red neck syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spectrum of teicoplanin?

    <p>Same as vancomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an adverse effect of teicoplanin?

    <p>Bronchospasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gentamicin used with to treat?

    <p>Enterococcal endocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the drug of choice for Pseudomembranous enterocolitis?

    <p>Metronidazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a use of vancomycin?

    <p>MRSA infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication of vancomycin?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of infection that vancomycin is used to treat?

    <p>Bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the effect of food on erythromycin absorption?

    <p>Food significantly reduces erythromycin absorption, requiring an enteric coating for optimal delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which macrolide antibiotic has the longest half-life?

    <p>Azithromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE about the tissue penetration of erythromycin and azithromycin?

    <p>Azithromycin has high tissue penetration, especially in infected tissues, while erythromycin has poor penetration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism by which erythromycin and azithromycin are excreted from the body?

    <p>Biliary excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following macrolides is known for its ability to inhibit microsomal enzymes?

    <p>Erythromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which macrolide has a broader spectrum of activity, including gram-negative bacteria and chlamydia?

    <p>Azithromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of erythromycin?

    <p>Exhibits high tissue penetration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the gastric acid stability of azithromycin?

    <p>Azithromycin is stable in gastric acid, making it suitable for oral administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following macrolides is more active against gram-positive bacteria?

    <p>Erythromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of azithromycin in treating community-acquired pneumonia?

    <p>Mild pneumonia caused by <em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em> or <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a use of clarithromycin?

    <p>Treatment of disseminated <em>Mycobacterium avium complex</em> disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for erythromycin that leads to epigastric distress?

    <p>Conversion to a motilin-receptor agonist in the acidic stomach environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a use of azithromycin?

    <p>Treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>, <em>Moraxella catarrhalis</em>, or <em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is considered the drug of choice for non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis?

    <p>Azithromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a use of erythromycin?

    <p>Treatment of pharyngitis/tonsillitis caused by <em>Streptococcus pyogenes</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a use of clarithromycin?

    <p>Treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis caused by <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em>, <em>Moraxella catarrhalis</em>, or <em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect associated with erythromycin?

    <p>Epigastric distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a use of azithromycin?

    <p>Treatment of disseminated <em>Mycobacterium avium complex</em> disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does motilin activation have on the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>It causes abdominal discomfort and diarrhea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of erythromycin is most associated with cholestatic jaundice?

    <p>Estolate form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hypersensitivity reactions may occur with the use of erythromycin estolate?

    <p>Skin rashes, fever, and eosinophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which potentially serious cardiac effect is associated with erythromycin?

    <p>QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between erythromycin and azithromycin?

    <p>Azithromycin has a broader spectrum of activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction can motilin activation cause aside from gastrointestinal contractions?

    <p>Nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common side effect is associated with the use of erythromycin estolate?

    <p>Cholestatic jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics does azithromycin belong to?

    <p>Macrolides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might result from hypersensitivity to erythromycin estolate?

    <p>Skin rashes and fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Macrolides Overview

    • Erythromycin: Used for various infections including pharyngitis, exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, and community-acquired pneumonia.
    • Azithromycin: Effective for mild pneumonia, non-gonococcal urethritis, and Mycobacterium avium complex disease.
    • Clarithromycin: Treats pharyngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, and community-acquired pneumonia.

    Adverse Effects of Erythromycin

    • Epigastric Distress: Results from interaction with motilin receptors, causing gastrointestinal discomfort, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.
    • Cholestatic Jaundice: Primarily linked to erythromycin estolate; possibly a hypersensitivity reaction.
    • Hypersensitivity Reactions: May cause skin rashes, fever, and eosinophilia.
    • Cardiac Effects: Associated with QT prolongation, potentially leading to ventricular arrhythmias.

    Comparison: Erythromycin and Azithromycin

    • Azithromycin: Broader spectrum; semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin.
    • Food Interaction: Both antibiotics affected by food but azithromycin has better gastric acid stability.
    • Half-Life: Erythromycin (1-1.5 hours) vs. Azithromycin (40-60 hours).
    • Protein Binding: Erythromycin (70%) vs. Azithromycin (12-50%).
    • Spectrum: Erythromycin more effective against gram-positive bacteria; azithromycin targets gram-negative bacteria and chlamydia.

    Mechanism of Action: Glycopeptide Antibiotics

    • Vancomycin and Teicoplanin: Both inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis through binding to the D-alanyl-D-alanine terminal of peptidoglycan.
    • Bactericidal Action: Leads to impaired cell wall formation, resulting in bacterial lysis and death.

    Uses of Vancomycin

    • Administered intravenously for:
      • Enterococcal Endocarditis: Given with gentamicin.
      • MRSA Infections: Effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
      • Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis: Used when metronidazole is ineffective.

    Adverse Effects of Vancomycin

    • Red Man Syndrome: Caused by histamine release; characterized by flushing and rash.
    • Ototoxicity and Nephrotoxicity: Potential for damage to hearing and kidney functions.
    • Other effects include rashes, neutropenia, eosinophilia, chills, and fever.

    Uses of Teicoplanin

    • Similar to vancomycin; treats infections caused by gram-positive bacteria.

    Adverse Effects of Teicoplanin

    • May cause bronchospasm as a reaction to the drug.

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    Macrolides & Glycopeptide Antibiotics (2024) PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers antibiotic treatments for various bacterial infections, including diphtheria and community-acquired pneumonia. It discusses the use of antitoxin and antibiotics such as Azithromycin to prevent the spread of disease.

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