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Questions and Answers
What is the mechanism of action of vancomycin and teicoplanin?
What is the mechanism of action of vancomycin and teicoplanin?
- They stimulate cell wall synthesis
- They activate cell membrane permeability
- They inhibit cell wall synthesis (correct)
- They inactivate cytoplasmic enzymes
What is the effect of vancomycin and teicoplanin on the bacterial cell?
What is the effect of vancomycin and teicoplanin on the bacterial cell?
- It becomes resistant to antibiotics
- It swells and bursts (correct)
- It shrinks and becomes dormant
- It forms a biofilm
Why are vancomycin and teicoplanin not effective against Gram-negative organisms?
Why are vancomycin and teicoplanin not effective against Gram-negative organisms?
- They cannot diffuse through the outer cell membrane due to their larger molecular size (correct)
- They are ineffective against aerobic organisms
- They are inactivated by beta-lactamases
- They are sensitive to penicillinases
What is a common adverse effect of vancomycin?
What is a common adverse effect of vancomycin?
What is the route of administration for vancomycin?
What is the route of administration for vancomycin?
What type of organisms is vancomycin effective against?
What type of organisms is vancomycin effective against?
What is the effect of vancomycin on the bacterial cell membrane?
What is the effect of vancomycin on the bacterial cell membrane?
How do vancomycin and teicoplanin bind to the bacterial cell wall?
How do vancomycin and teicoplanin bind to the bacterial cell wall?
What is the type of action of vancomycin and teicoplanin?
What is the type of action of vancomycin and teicoplanin?
What is vancomycin used to treat orally?
What is vancomycin used to treat orally?
What is a common adverse effect of vancomycin due to histamine release?
What is a common adverse effect of vancomycin due to histamine release?
What is the spectrum of teicoplanin?
What is the spectrum of teicoplanin?
What is an adverse effect of teicoplanin?
What is an adverse effect of teicoplanin?
What is gentamicin used with to treat?
What is gentamicin used with to treat?
What is the drug of choice for Pseudomembranous enterocolitis?
What is the drug of choice for Pseudomembranous enterocolitis?
What is a use of vancomycin?
What is a use of vancomycin?
What is a contraindication of vancomycin?
What is a contraindication of vancomycin?
What is a type of infection that vancomycin is used to treat?
What is a type of infection that vancomycin is used to treat?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the effect of food on erythromycin absorption?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the effect of food on erythromycin absorption?
Which macrolide antibiotic has the longest half-life?
Which macrolide antibiotic has the longest half-life?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the tissue penetration of erythromycin and azithromycin?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the tissue penetration of erythromycin and azithromycin?
What is the main mechanism by which erythromycin and azithromycin are excreted from the body?
What is the main mechanism by which erythromycin and azithromycin are excreted from the body?
Which of the following macrolides is known for its ability to inhibit microsomal enzymes?
Which of the following macrolides is known for its ability to inhibit microsomal enzymes?
Which macrolide has a broader spectrum of activity, including gram-negative bacteria and chlamydia?
Which macrolide has a broader spectrum of activity, including gram-negative bacteria and chlamydia?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of erythromycin?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of erythromycin?
Which statement accurately describes the gastric acid stability of azithromycin?
Which statement accurately describes the gastric acid stability of azithromycin?
Which of the following macrolides is more active against gram-positive bacteria?
Which of the following macrolides is more active against gram-positive bacteria?
What is the primary use of azithromycin in treating community-acquired pneumonia?
What is the primary use of azithromycin in treating community-acquired pneumonia?
Which of the following is NOT a use of clarithromycin?
Which of the following is NOT a use of clarithromycin?
What is the primary mechanism of action for erythromycin that leads to epigastric distress?
What is the primary mechanism of action for erythromycin that leads to epigastric distress?
Which of the following is a use of azithromycin?
Which of the following is a use of azithromycin?
Which antibiotic is considered the drug of choice for non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis?
Which antibiotic is considered the drug of choice for non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis?
Which of the following is a use of erythromycin?
Which of the following is a use of erythromycin?
Which of the following is a use of clarithromycin?
Which of the following is a use of clarithromycin?
What is a common adverse effect associated with erythromycin?
What is a common adverse effect associated with erythromycin?
Which of the following is a use of azithromycin?
Which of the following is a use of azithromycin?
What effect does motilin activation have on the gastrointestinal tract?
What effect does motilin activation have on the gastrointestinal tract?
Which form of erythromycin is most associated with cholestatic jaundice?
Which form of erythromycin is most associated with cholestatic jaundice?
What hypersensitivity reactions may occur with the use of erythromycin estolate?
What hypersensitivity reactions may occur with the use of erythromycin estolate?
Which potentially serious cardiac effect is associated with erythromycin?
Which potentially serious cardiac effect is associated with erythromycin?
What is a key difference between erythromycin and azithromycin?
What is a key difference between erythromycin and azithromycin?
What type of reaction can motilin activation cause aside from gastrointestinal contractions?
What type of reaction can motilin activation cause aside from gastrointestinal contractions?
What common side effect is associated with the use of erythromycin estolate?
What common side effect is associated with the use of erythromycin estolate?
Which class of antibiotics does azithromycin belong to?
Which class of antibiotics does azithromycin belong to?
What might result from hypersensitivity to erythromycin estolate?
What might result from hypersensitivity to erythromycin estolate?
Study Notes
Macrolides Overview
- Erythromycin: Used for various infections including pharyngitis, exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, and community-acquired pneumonia.
- Azithromycin: Effective for mild pneumonia, non-gonococcal urethritis, and Mycobacterium avium complex disease.
- Clarithromycin: Treats pharyngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, and community-acquired pneumonia.
Adverse Effects of Erythromycin
- Epigastric Distress: Results from interaction with motilin receptors, causing gastrointestinal discomfort, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.
- Cholestatic Jaundice: Primarily linked to erythromycin estolate; possibly a hypersensitivity reaction.
- Hypersensitivity Reactions: May cause skin rashes, fever, and eosinophilia.
- Cardiac Effects: Associated with QT prolongation, potentially leading to ventricular arrhythmias.
Comparison: Erythromycin and Azithromycin
- Azithromycin: Broader spectrum; semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin.
- Food Interaction: Both antibiotics affected by food but azithromycin has better gastric acid stability.
- Half-Life: Erythromycin (1-1.5 hours) vs. Azithromycin (40-60 hours).
- Protein Binding: Erythromycin (70%) vs. Azithromycin (12-50%).
- Spectrum: Erythromycin more effective against gram-positive bacteria; azithromycin targets gram-negative bacteria and chlamydia.
Mechanism of Action: Glycopeptide Antibiotics
- Vancomycin and Teicoplanin: Both inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis through binding to the D-alanyl-D-alanine terminal of peptidoglycan.
- Bactericidal Action: Leads to impaired cell wall formation, resulting in bacterial lysis and death.
Uses of Vancomycin
- Administered intravenously for:
- Enterococcal Endocarditis: Given with gentamicin.
- MRSA Infections: Effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
- Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis: Used when metronidazole is ineffective.
Adverse Effects of Vancomycin
- Red Man Syndrome: Caused by histamine release; characterized by flushing and rash.
- Ototoxicity and Nephrotoxicity: Potential for damage to hearing and kidney functions.
- Other effects include rashes, neutropenia, eosinophilia, chills, and fever.
Uses of Teicoplanin
- Similar to vancomycin; treats infections caused by gram-positive bacteria.
Adverse Effects of Teicoplanin
- May cause bronchospasm as a reaction to the drug.
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Description
This quiz covers antibiotic treatments for various bacterial infections, including diphtheria and community-acquired pneumonia. It discusses the use of antitoxin and antibiotics such as Azithromycin to prevent the spread of disease.
