Antibiotic Treatment Approaches

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What is the primary reason for using drug combinations in antibiotic therapy?

To reduce the synergism between antibiotics

To decrease the risk of emergence of resistant organisms (correct)

To increase the toxicity of the antibiotics

To increase the risk of superinfection

What is the primary consideration when determining the necessity of antibiotic treatment?

The severity of the patient's symptoms

The cost of different antibiotic treatment options

Identifying the specific type of bacteria causing the infection

The potential risk of detrimental effects to the patient's life (correct)

What is the mechanism of resistance in β-lactamase resistant organisms?

Genetic alteration

Decreased permeability for the agent

Enzymic inactivation (correct)

Modification of target site

What is the advantage of combining bactericidal and bacteriostatic agents?

No advantage, it is ineffective Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pharmacological sanctuaries is characterized by poor penetration of antibiotics due to the presence of a natural barrier?

Blood-brain barrier Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics?

The mechanism of action against bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of drug resistance due to spontaneous mutation?

Genetic alteration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotic characteristics is defined as the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism?

MIC Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of antibiotics based on their mechanism of action?

Bactericidal vs. bacteriostatic Signup and view all the answers

What is the common complication of antibiotic therapy due to high levels in serum?

Direct toxicity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of pulsed dosing in antibiotic treatment?

To interval dose in escalating levels past the MIC early on in treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of natural antibiotics?

They are metabolic by-products of soil microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics is classified as a Category A drug in terms of fetal risk during pregnancy?

Azithromycin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor to consider when selecting an antibiotic treatment option based on cost?

The effectiveness of the drug against the specific type of bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disadvantage of combining antibiotics?

Increased risk of superinfection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics is characterized by time-dependent killing?

Beta-lactams Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of β-lactam antibiotics?

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis by inactivating transpeptidases Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following β-lactam antibiotics is not classified as a semisynthetic penicillin?

Ceftriaxone Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of ß-lactamase inhibitors?

Inactivating ß-lactamases by a 'suicide' mechanism Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary target of β-lactam antibiotics in the bacterial cell?

Transpeptidases Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50s ribosomal subunit?

Erythromycin Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of glycopeptides?

Inhibiting the assembly of the murein monomer into peptidoglycan Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of carbapenems?

Broad spectrum of activity, IV administration Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of azithromycin on Haemophilus compared to erythromycin?

It has better activity against Haemophilus Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of penicillin on transpeptidases?

Formation of a penicilloic-enzyme complex Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following generations of cephalosporins includes Cefotaxime?

Third generation Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in the excretion of clarithromycin and azithromycin?

Clarithromycin is excreted biliarily, while azithromycin is excreted both biliarily and renally Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of β-lactam antibiotics on bacterial growth?

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of clindamycin on the production of toxins by GAS?

It inhibits the production of toxins Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of clindamycin?

It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50s ribosomal subunit Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following β-lactam antibiotics is used to treat severe infections of resistant bacteria?

Ertapenem Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of erythromycin estolate on the liver?

It causes cholestatic hepatitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of aminoglycosides against gram(-) bacilli and staphylococcus species?

Inhibiting the binding of tRNA to the 30S ribosomal subunit Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics is bactericidal against pneumococci, GAS, and anaerobes?

Linezolid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of fluoroquinolones against gram-negative bacteria?

Acting on enzymes topoisomerases II (DNA gyrase) in gram-negative bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of resistance to tetracyclines in bacteria?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of sulfonamides against bacteria?

Competitively incorporating into tetrahydropteroic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of metronidazole against anaerobic bacteria?

Generating metabolites that are toxic to bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of resistance to aminoglycosides in bacteria?