Bacterial Infections and Toxins

Bacteria and Infections

• Gastroenteritis is caused by V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus.
• E. coli produces enterotoxins, endotoxins, verocytotoxins, and hemolysins.
• E. coli causes urinary tract infections, septic infections of wounds, diarrhea, and meningitis, but not dysentery.
• Streptococcus pyogenes is the causative agent of Scarlet fever.
• The commonest form of anthrax in man is cutaneous.
• Tetrahydrofolic acid coenzyme is involved in amino acid synthesis and thymidine synthesis.
• The normal microbial flora on the skin of a healthy person includes nonhemolytic staphylococci.

Infections Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes

• Streptococcus pyogenes produces infections such as streptococcal sore throat.

Bacteria and Infections

• Gastroenteritis is caused by V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus.
• E. coli produces enterotoxins, endotoxins, verocytotoxins, and hemolysins.
• E. coli causes urinary tract infections, septic infections of wounds, diarrhea, and meningitis, but not dysentery.
• Streptococcus pyogenes is the causative agent of Scarlet fever.
• The commonest form of anthrax in man is cutaneous.
• Tetrahydrofolic acid coenzyme is involved in amino acid synthesis and thymidine synthesis.
• The normal microbial flora on the skin of a healthy person includes nonhemolytic staphylococci.

Infections Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes

• Streptococcus pyogenes produces infections such as streptococcal sore throat.

Biochemistry and Microbiology

• Amino acid synthesis and thymidine synthesis are both involved in the process of protein synthesis.
• Normal microbial flora on the skin of a healthy person includes Enterobacteriaceae and nonhemolytic staphylococci.
• Streptococcus pyogenes produces infection, specifically streptococcal sore throat.

Causes of Lyme Disease

• Acute glomerulo nephritis and rheumatic fever are not causes of Lyme disease.
• Spirochaete is the cause of Lyme disease.

Causes of Toxic Shock Syndrome

• Staph. albus and Staph. aureus are the causes of toxic shock syndrome.

Reflex Action

• A reflex action is not initiated at a sensory receptor organ.

Microbiology and Bacteriology

• N. gonorrhoea isolation is best achieved using Thyer-martin culture media.

Human Body and Microbiology

• The growth of normal flora is lowest in the small intestine.

Food Microbiology

• Clostridium botulinum is a type of bacteria that can cause problems in canned food.

Host-Bacteria Interactions

• Lactoferrin, a mucus membrane excretion, can affect bacterial growth.

Cell Membrane Characteristics

• Acinetobacter is an exception, as it does not lose sterol from its cell membrane.

Mycobacteria Characteristics

• Mycobacteria grow slowly due to their acid-resistant properties.

Bacterial Cell Wall Components

• Endotoxin is a component found only in the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.

Cellular Processes

• Active transport is a process that enables cells to store large amounts of food.

Diagnostic Techniques

• PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a technique used to diagnose bacterial infections with few numbers of bacteria.

Pathogenic E. coli

• 0157 E. coli is an enterohemorrhagic strain.

Kidney Function

• Important factors that affect the glomerular filtration rate in the kidney include:

Thermoregulation

• Important responses to prevent hypothermia in the body include:

RNA Polymerase I vs RNA Polymerase III

• RNA polymerase I: responsible for transcribing rRNA genes (28S, 18S, and 5.8S) into precursor rRNA, accounting for 60% of total RNA synthesis
• RNA polymerase III: responsible for transcribing tRNA, 5S rRNA, and other small RNAs, requiring specific transcription factors and binding to gene-specific promoters

Thermal Death Time (TDT) vs Thermal Death Point (TDP)

• Thermal Death Time (TDT): the time required to kill all microorganisms in a sample at a specific temperature
• Thermal Death Point (TDP): the minimum temperature required to kill all microorganisms in a sample

Porin Proteins vs Braun Lipoproteins

• Porin proteins: β-barrel proteins that form pores in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, allowing for the passage of small molecules
• Braun lipoproteins: lipoproteins found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, involved in maintaining the structural integrity of the membrane and interacting with the peptidoglycan layer

Methanolobus vs Methanococcus

• Methanolobus: a genus of methanogenic archaea that can grow on methanol and produce methane as a byproduct
• Methanococcus: a genus of methanogenic archaea that can grow on a variety of substrates, including hydrogen, formate, and acetate, and produce methane as a byproduct

Lipid A vs O Antigen

• Lipid A: a lipid component of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, responsible for the toxic effects of endotoxin
• O Antigen: a polysaccharide component of the LPS layer in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, involved in the bacteria's antigenic properties and responsible for the specificity of the immune response

Microbiology

• Gastroenteritis is caused by V.cholerae.
• E.coli produces Enterotoxins, Endotoxins, Verocytotoxins, and Hemolysins.
• Esch.Coli can cause Urinary tract infections, Septic infections of wounds, Diarrhoea, and Meningitis, but not Dysentery.
• The causative agent of Scarlet fever is Stre.pyogens.
• The commonest form of anthrax in man is Cutaneous.

Infections and Toxins

• Streptococcus pyogens produce infection, including Streptococcal sore throat.
• Tetrahydrofolic acid coenzyme is involved in Amino acid synthesis, Thymidine synthesis, and is essential for both.
• The skin of a healthy person has normal microbial flora that includes Nonhemolytic staphylococci.

Bacteriology

• The best culture media for isolating N.gonorrhoea is Thyer-martin.
• The growth of normal flora is fewest in the Small intestine.
• Clostridium botulinum can cause problems in canned food.
• Lactoferine is a mucus membrane excretion that affects bacterial growth.
• Acinetobacter is an exception to the rule that cell membranes lose sterol.
• Mycobacteria grows slowly due to its Acid resistance.
• Endotoxin is found only in the cell wall of gram negative bacteria.
• PCR is a technique used in the diagnosis of bacteria with few numbers.
• 0157 E coli is Enterohemorrhagic.

Other Key Facts

• The function of Tetrahydrofolic acid coenzyme includes Amino acid synthesis and Thymidine synthesis.
• Skin of the healthy person has normal microbial flora which includes Nonhemolytic staphylococci.
• Streptococcal sore throat is a potential infection caused by Streptococcus pyogens.