Bacterial Infections and Toxins

Bacteria and Infections

• Gastroenteritis is caused by V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus.
• E. coli produces enterotoxins, endotoxins, verocytotoxins, and hemolysins.
• E. coli causes urinary tract infections, septic infections of wounds, diarrhea, and meningitis, but not dysentery.
• Streptococcus pyogenes is the causative agent of Scarlet fever.
• The commonest form of anthrax in man is cutaneous.
• Tetrahydrofolic acid coenzyme is involved in amino acid synthesis and thymidine synthesis.
• The normal microbial flora on the skin of a healthy person includes nonhemolytic staphylococci.

Infections Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes

• Streptococcus pyogenes produces infections such as streptococcal sore throat.

Bacteria and Infections

• Gastroenteritis is caused by V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus.
• E. coli produces enterotoxins, endotoxins, verocytotoxins, and hemolysins.
• E. coli causes urinary tract infections, septic infections of wounds, diarrhea, and meningitis, but not dysentery.
• Streptococcus pyogenes is the causative agent of Scarlet fever.
• The commonest form of anthrax in man is cutaneous.
• Tetrahydrofolic acid coenzyme is involved in amino acid synthesis and thymidine synthesis.
• The normal microbial flora on the skin of a healthy person includes nonhemolytic staphylococci.

Infections Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes

• Streptococcus pyogenes produces infections such as streptococcal sore throat.

Biochemistry and Microbiology

• Amino acid synthesis and thymidine synthesis are both involved in the process of protein synthesis.
• Normal microbial flora on the skin of a healthy person includes Enterobacteriaceae and nonhemolytic staphylococci.
• Streptococcus pyogenes produces infection, specifically streptococcal sore throat.

Causes of Lyme Disease

• Acute glomerulo nephritis and rheumatic fever are not causes of Lyme disease.
• Spirochaete is the cause of Lyme disease.

Causes of Toxic Shock Syndrome

• Staph. albus and Staph. aureus are the causes of toxic shock syndrome.

Reflex Action

• A reflex action is not initiated at a sensory receptor organ.

Microbiology and Bacteriology

• N. gonorrhoea isolation is best achieved using Thyer-martin culture media.

Human Body and Microbiology

• The growth of normal flora is lowest in the small intestine.

Food Microbiology

• Clostridium botulinum is a type of bacteria that can cause problems in canned food.

Host-Bacteria Interactions

• Lactoferrin, a mucus membrane excretion, can affect bacterial growth.

Cell Membrane Characteristics

• Acinetobacter is an exception, as it does not lose sterol from its cell membrane.

Mycobacteria Characteristics

• Mycobacteria grow slowly due to their acid-resistant properties.

Bacterial Cell Wall Components

• Endotoxin is a component found only in the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.

Cellular Processes

• Active transport is a process that enables cells to store large amounts of food.

Diagnostic Techniques

• PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a technique used to diagnose bacterial infections with few numbers of bacteria.

Pathogenic E. coli

• 0157 E. coli is an enterohemorrhagic strain.

Kidney Function

• Important factors that affect the glomerular filtration rate in the kidney include:

Thermoregulation

• Important responses to prevent hypothermia in the body include:

RNA Polymerase I vs RNA Polymerase III

• RNA polymerase I: responsible for transcribing rRNA genes (28S, 18S, and 5.8S) into precursor rRNA, accounting for 60% of total RNA synthesis
• RNA polymerase III: responsible for transcribing tRNA, 5S rRNA, and other small RNAs, requiring specific transcription factors and binding to gene-specific promoters

Thermal Death Time (TDT) vs Thermal Death Point (TDP)

• Thermal Death Time (TDT): the time required to kill all microorganisms in a sample at a specific temperature
• Thermal Death Point (TDP): the minimum temperature required to kill all microorganisms in a sample

Porin Proteins vs Braun Lipoproteins

• Porin proteins: β-barrel proteins that form pores in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, allowing for the passage of small molecules
• Braun lipoproteins: lipoproteins found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, involved in maintaining the structural integrity of the membrane and interacting with the peptidoglycan layer

Methanolobus vs Methanococcus

• Methanolobus: a genus of methanogenic archaea that can grow on methanol and produce methane as a byproduct
• Methanococcus: a genus of methanogenic archaea that can grow on a variety of substrates, including hydrogen, formate, and acetate, and produce methane as a byproduct

Lipid A vs O Antigen

• Lipid A: a lipid component of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, responsible for the toxic effects of endotoxin
• O Antigen: a polysaccharide component of the LPS layer in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, involved in the bacteria's antigenic properties and responsible for the specificity of the immune response

Microbiology

• Gastroenteritis is caused by V.cholerae.
• E.coli produces Enterotoxins, Endotoxins, Verocytotoxins, and Hemolysins.
• Esch.Coli can cause Urinary tract infections, Septic infections of wounds, Diarrhoea, and Meningitis, but not Dysentery.
• The causative agent of Scarlet fever is Stre.pyogens.
• The commonest form of anthrax in man is Cutaneous.

Infections and Toxins

• Streptococcus pyogens produce infection, including Streptococcal sore throat.
• Tetrahydrofolic acid coenzyme is involved in Amino acid synthesis, Thymidine synthesis, and is essential for both.
• The skin of a healthy person has normal microbial flora that includes Nonhemolytic staphylococci.

Bacteriology

• The best culture media for isolating N.gonorrhoea is Thyer-martin.
• The growth of normal flora is fewest in the Small intestine.
• Clostridium botulinum can cause problems in canned food.
• Lactoferine is a mucus membrane excretion that affects bacterial growth.
• Acinetobacter is an exception to the rule that cell membranes lose sterol.
• Mycobacteria grows slowly due to its Acid resistance.
• Endotoxin is found only in the cell wall of gram negative bacteria.
• PCR is a technique used in the diagnosis of bacteria with few numbers.
• 0157 E coli is Enterohemorrhagic.

Other Key Facts

• The function of Tetrahydrofolic acid coenzyme includes Amino acid synthesis and Thymidine synthesis.
• Skin of the healthy person has normal microbial flora which includes Nonhemolytic staphylococci.
• Streptococcal sore throat is a potential infection caused by Streptococcus pyogens.

Identify the causes of gastroenteritis and the toxins produced by E. coli, as well as the infections caused by this bacterium. Test your knowledge of bacterial infections and their effects.