أسئلة الرابعة ميكرو دمياط (قبل التعديل)

The complete set of genetic information in a bacterium, typically a single circular DNA molecule.

The region within a bacterial cell where the circular DNA molecule is located.

Small, circular DNA molecule that exists independently of the bacterial chromosome.

A piece of DNA that can move from one location to another within the genome.

The process of a transposon being excised and re-integrated into the DNA molecule.

The simplest type of transposon, encoding only the proteins needed for its own transposition.

A transposon that contains two IS elements flanking a central piece of DNA that might carry genes like antibiotic resistance.

A type of transposon that doesn't have IS elements but still encodes proteins for transposition and carries genes for antibiotic resistance or virulence.

Transfer of a plasmid containing antibiotic resistance genes from one bacterium to another via conjugation.

Changes in surface proteins of a pathogen, like Neisseria gonorrhoeae, through gene movement, allowing it to evade the host's immune system.

The process where a bacterium directly takes up naked DNA from its environment.

Induced uptake of DNA into a cell in a laboratory setting, often using calcium chloride and heat shock.

A method to introduce DNA into cells by applying an electric field, creating temporary pores in the membrane.

Transfer of DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell mediated by a bacteriophage.

A viral replication cycle where a bacteriophage infects a cell, replicates, and lyses the cell, releasing new phages.

A type of transduction where any piece of bacterial DNA can be packaged inside a phage and transferred to another bacteria.

A viral replication cycle where the phage DNA integrates into the host bacterial chromosome, becoming a prophage and replicating along with the host DNA. This integration can lead to specialized transduction.

A type of transduction where only specific bacterial genes near the prophage insertion site are transferred to a recipient cell. This occurs when the phage DNA is excised from the host chromosome, taking a piece of bacterial DNA with it.

A process of horizontal gene transfer where bacteria exchange genetic material through direct contact. This involves a donor cell with an F plasmid containing the tra gene, which enables the formation of F pili for attachment and DNA transfer.

A plasmid that carries genes for the production of F pili, enabling conjugation. It can integrate into the bacterial chromosome, creating an Hfr cell.

A bacterial cell with the F factor integrated into its chromosome. This integration leads to high recombination rates and allows the transfer of chromosomal genes during conjugation.

The transfer of genetic material between organisms that are not related by descent, like bacteria sharing genes through conjugation, transformation, or transduction.

A plasmid that cannot initiate conjugation, as it lacks the necessary genes for pilus formation and DNA transfer.

Plasmids can carry genes for antibiotic resistance, toxin production, virulence factors, metabolic pathways, and more, providing bacteria with advantages like survival in harsh environments or even causing disease.

Inducing a bacterium to take up foreign DNA. This is done in labs by using methods like adding calcium chloride and heat shock.

Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that exist independently of the bacterial chromosome. They replicate independently and can carry genes for various functions, like antibiotic resistance.

Plasmids have their own origin of replication, meaning they can replicate independently from the bacterial chromosome. This allows them to exist and multiply even when the bacterial chromosome is not replicating.

A transposon is a piece of DNA that can move from one location to another within the genome. They are also known as 'jumping genes' and can carry genes like antibiotic resistance.

Transposition is the process by which a transposon moves from one location to another within a genome. It involves the transposon being excised and then reintegrated at a new location.

An IS element is the simplest type of transposon. It only encodes the proteins needed for its own transposition, meaning it can only move itself.

A composite transposon is a more complex transposon containing two IS elements flanking a central piece of DNA. This central region often carries genes like antibiotic resistance.

A Tn3 transposon is a type of transposon that doesn't have IS elements but still encodes proteins for transposition and carries genes like antibiotic resistance or virulence factors.

Transposons can 'jump' from one location to another, potentially landing on a plasmid. If this plasmid is then transferred to another bacterium through conjugation, antibiotic resistance genes carried by the transposon are also transferred, spreading resistance.