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Questions and Answers
What are the cardinal signs of lower urinary tract disease?
What are the cardinal signs of lower urinary tract disease?
- Oliguria, Anuria, and Urgency
- Dysuria, Hematuria, and Nocturia
- Polyuria, Pollakiuria, and Incontinence (correct)
- Flank pain, Fever, and Nausea
Which part of the urinary tract is responsible for localizing the disease to the upper urinary tract?
Which part of the urinary tract is responsible for localizing the disease to the upper urinary tract?
- Urinary Bladder
- Prostate
- Urethra
- Kidneys (correct)
What is the definition of polyuria?
What is the definition of polyuria?
- Painful urination
- Increased volume of urine (correct)
- Presence of blood in urine
- Increased frequency of urination
What is the main goal of differentiating urinary tract infections from subclinical bacteriuria?
What is the main goal of differentiating urinary tract infections from subclinical bacteriuria?
What is the most common cause of pyelonephritis?
What is the most common cause of pyelonephritis?
Which of the following is a potential clinical sign of pyelonephritis?
Which of the following is a potential clinical sign of pyelonephritis?
What is a potential predisposing factor for pyelonephritis?
What is a potential predisposing factor for pyelonephritis?
Which diagnostic test is most definitive for pyelonephritis?
Which diagnostic test is most definitive for pyelonephritis?
What is the recommended treatment for pyelonephritis?
What is the recommended treatment for pyelonephritis?
What is a potential consequence of chronic, untreated pyelonephritis?
What is a potential consequence of chronic, untreated pyelonephritis?
What is the most likely cause of the bacteriuria in the given case?
What is the most likely cause of the bacteriuria in the given case?
What is the most definitive finding in abdominal ultrasound for pyelonephritis?
What is the most definitive finding in abdominal ultrasound for pyelonephritis?
What type of medication is commonly used in the treatment of pyelonephritis?
What type of medication is commonly used in the treatment of pyelonephritis?
What is a potential sign of systemic illness in pyelonephritis?
What is a potential sign of systemic illness in pyelonephritis?
What is a potential evidence of comorbidity/predisposing factor in urinalysis for pyelonephritis?
What is a potential evidence of comorbidity/predisposing factor in urinalysis for pyelonephritis?
What is a potential consequence of untreated pyelonephritis?
What is a potential consequence of untreated pyelonephritis?
What is the most appropriate treatment time for reinfection of bacterial cystitis?
What is the most appropriate treatment time for reinfection of bacterial cystitis?
What is the recommended treatment for recurrent bacterial cystitis if the infection is resistant to empiric antibiotic?
What is the recommended treatment for recurrent bacterial cystitis if the infection is resistant to empiric antibiotic?
What is the appropriate initial treatment time for reinfection of pyelonephritis?
What is the appropriate initial treatment time for reinfection of pyelonephritis?
What is the most appropriate empiric therapy for a 2 yo FS Bulldog with UTI caused by E. coli?
What is the most appropriate empiric therapy for a 2 yo FS Bulldog with UTI caused by E. coli?
What is the appropriate treatment time for relapse or persistence of bacterial cystitis?
What is the appropriate treatment time for relapse or persistence of bacterial cystitis?
What is the most common reason for isolates with < 1,000 CFUs in urine culture?
What is the most common reason for isolates with < 1,000 CFUs in urine culture?
What is the appropriate treatment for recurrent bacterial cystitis if the animal is not responding within 48 hours?
What is the appropriate treatment for recurrent bacterial cystitis if the animal is not responding within 48 hours?
What should be considered before selecting a drug for multi-drug resistant organisms causing UTI?
What should be considered before selecting a drug for multi-drug resistant organisms causing UTI?
What is the appropriate follow-up for sporadic bacterial cystitis?
What is the appropriate follow-up for sporadic bacterial cystitis?
What is the most appropriate treatment for sporadic bacterial cystitis if the infection is resistant to empiric antibiotic?
What is the most appropriate treatment for sporadic bacterial cystitis if the infection is resistant to empiric antibiotic?
What is the recommended initial treatment time for reinfection of pyelonephritis?
What is the recommended initial treatment time for reinfection of pyelonephritis?
What is the appropriate treatment for recurrent bacterial cystitis if the infection is resistant to empiric antibiotic?
What is the appropriate treatment for recurrent bacterial cystitis if the infection is resistant to empiric antibiotic?
What are the three cardinal signs of lower urinary tract disease?
What are the three cardinal signs of lower urinary tract disease?
What is the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in dogs?
What is the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in dogs?
Which anatomical structure's impairment predisposes to UTIs?
Which anatomical structure's impairment predisposes to UTIs?
What is the definitive method for diagnosing a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
What is the definitive method for diagnosing a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
Which organisms are commonly associated with bacterial cystitis in dogs?
Which organisms are commonly associated with bacterial cystitis in dogs?
What clinical signs indicate upper urinary tract infection (pyelonephritis)?
What clinical signs indicate upper urinary tract infection (pyelonephritis)?
What does pyuria (> 3-5 WBCs/hpc) indicate in a urinalysis?
What does pyuria (> 3-5 WBCs/hpc) indicate in a urinalysis?
What can be mistaken for bacteriuria in a urinalysis?
What can be mistaken for bacteriuria in a urinalysis?
What is the most common cause of UTIs in cats?
What is the most common cause of UTIs in cats?
What percentage of positive urine cultures in cats are Enterococcus spp.?
What percentage of positive urine cultures in cats are Enterococcus spp.?
What can indicate non-urinary systemic disease in the case of polymicrobial infections?
What can indicate non-urinary systemic disease in the case of polymicrobial infections?
What is the most common cause of polymicrobial infections in dogs?
What is the most common cause of polymicrobial infections in dogs?
What is the most appropriate drug to prescribe for a 12-year-old male neutered Cocker Spaniel found to be proteinuric (UPC 3.2) and hypertensive (BP 170 mmHg) on routine geriatric panel?
What is the most appropriate drug to prescribe for a 12-year-old male neutered Cocker Spaniel found to be proteinuric (UPC 3.2) and hypertensive (BP 170 mmHg) on routine geriatric panel?
Which antiplatelet drug is generally used in the management of hypercoagulability?
Which antiplatelet drug is generally used in the management of hypercoagulability?
Which factor Xa inhibitor is mentioned in the text for the management of hypercoagulability?
Which factor Xa inhibitor is mentioned in the text for the management of hypercoagulability?
What are the mild diuretics mentioned in the text for managing fluid accumulation?
What are the mild diuretics mentioned in the text for managing fluid accumulation?
In the treatment of underlying glomerular disease, how often should monitoring be conducted initially?
In the treatment of underlying glomerular disease, how often should monitoring be conducted initially?
Which drug is mentioned in the text as an immunosuppressive protocol for glomerulopathies?
Which drug is mentioned in the text as an immunosuppressive protocol for glomerulopathies?
What is a negative prognostic indicator for glomerular disease in dogs?
What is a negative prognostic indicator for glomerular disease in dogs?
Which drug is most appropriate to prescribe for hypertension in a proteinuric dog?
Which drug is most appropriate to prescribe for hypertension in a proteinuric dog?
What is the main cause of glomerular (renal) proteinuria?
What is the main cause of glomerular (renal) proteinuria?
Which type of glomerular disease is the most common, causing damage to the glomerular filtration apparatus?
Which type of glomerular disease is the most common, causing damage to the glomerular filtration apparatus?
What are the potential complications of glomerular diseases?
What are the potential complications of glomerular diseases?
What type of proteinuria results from excess plasma proteins exceeding resorption in proximal renal tubules?
What type of proteinuria results from excess plasma proteins exceeding resorption in proximal renal tubules?
Which type of glomerular disease causes damage to the glomerular filtration barrier?
Which type of glomerular disease causes damage to the glomerular filtration barrier?
What is the potential cause of post-renal proteinuria?
What is the potential cause of post-renal proteinuria?
What are the types of glomerular diseases?
What are the types of glomerular diseases?
What is the cause of renal proteinuria?
What is the cause of renal proteinuria?
Which type of glomerular disease is due to abnormal filtration by the glomerulus?
Which type of glomerular disease is due to abnormal filtration by the glomerulus?
What are the potential consequences of glomerular diseases?
What are the potential consequences of glomerular diseases?
What is the cause of glomerular (renal) proteinuria?
What is the cause of glomerular (renal) proteinuria?
What is the main type of proteinuria caused by diseases affecting the proximal tubules?
What is the main type of proteinuria caused by diseases affecting the proximal tubules?
Which of the following is a hallmark of glomerular disease?
Which of the following is a hallmark of glomerular disease?
What is the screening test for proteinuria in diagnosing glomerular disease?
What is the screening test for proteinuria in diagnosing glomerular disease?
Which of the following is a common finding in glomerular disease?
Which of the following is a common finding in glomerular disease?
What is essential for managing proteinuria and its complications in glomerular disease?
What is essential for managing proteinuria and its complications in glomerular disease?
What is the adverse effect of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEi) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)?
What is the adverse effect of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEi) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)?
What is crucial for reducing intraglomerular pressures and magnitude of proteinuria in glomerular disease?
What is crucial for reducing intraglomerular pressures and magnitude of proteinuria in glomerular disease?
What is necessary for distinguishing between primary glomerular diseases in glomerular disease diagnosis?
What is necessary for distinguishing between primary glomerular diseases in glomerular disease diagnosis?
What is essential for confirming proteinuria and identifying non-renal causes of hypertension in glomerular disease?
What is essential for confirming proteinuria and identifying non-renal causes of hypertension in glomerular disease?
What helps reduce proteinuria by inhibiting AngII production and blocking its receptor in glomerular disease management?
What helps reduce proteinuria by inhibiting AngII production and blocking its receptor in glomerular disease management?
What is essential for successful management of glomerular disease?
What is essential for successful management of glomerular disease?
What may be necessary to distinguish between primary glomerular diseases and look for an underlying cause in glomerular disease diagnosis?
What may be necessary to distinguish between primary glomerular diseases and look for an underlying cause in glomerular disease diagnosis?
What is important for managing proteinuria and its complications in glomerular disease?
What is important for managing proteinuria and its complications in glomerular disease?
Which of the following is a negative prognostic indicator for glomerular disease in dogs?
Which of the following is a negative prognostic indicator for glomerular disease in dogs?
What is the most appropriate drug to prescribe for a 12-year-old male neutered Cocker Spaniel found to be proteinuric (UPC 3.2) and hypertensive (BP 170 mmHg) on routine geriatric panel?
What is the most appropriate drug to prescribe for a 12-year-old male neutered Cocker Spaniel found to be proteinuric (UPC 3.2) and hypertensive (BP 170 mmHg) on routine geriatric panel?
What are the mild diuretics mentioned in the text for managing fluid accumulation?
What are the mild diuretics mentioned in the text for managing fluid accumulation?
Which factor Xa inhibitor is mentioned in the text for the management of hypercoagulability?
Which factor Xa inhibitor is mentioned in the text for the management of hypercoagulability?
What is the recommended monitoring interval for primary glomerulopathies initially?
What is the recommended monitoring interval for primary glomerulopathies initially?
Which drug is mentioned in the text as an immunosuppressive protocol for glomerulopathies?
Which drug is mentioned in the text as an immunosuppressive protocol for glomerulopathies?
What is the most common cause of pyelonephritis?
What is the most common cause of pyelonephritis?
Which antiplatelet drug is generally used in the management of hypercoagulability?
Which antiplatelet drug is generally used in the management of hypercoagulability?
What is the hallmark of glomerular disease?
What is the hallmark of glomerular disease?
What is the screening test for proteinuria in diagnosing glomerular disease?
What is the screening test for proteinuria in diagnosing glomerular disease?
What is the most common complication of glomerular disease?
What is the most common complication of glomerular disease?
Which medication helps reduce proteinuria by inhibiting AngII production and blocking its receptor?
Which medication helps reduce proteinuria by inhibiting AngII production and blocking its receptor?
What is the essential diagnostic test for distinguishing between primary glomerular diseases?
What is the essential diagnostic test for distinguishing between primary glomerular diseases?
What is crucial for reducing intraglomerular pressures and magnitude of proteinuria?
What is crucial for reducing intraglomerular pressures and magnitude of proteinuria?
What is an adverse effect of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEi) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)?
What is an adverse effect of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEi) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)?
What is important for confirming proteinuria and identifying non-renal causes of hypertension?
What is important for confirming proteinuria and identifying non-renal causes of hypertension?
What is more common in middle-aged to older dogs with breed predispositions and a poorer prognosis?
What is more common in middle-aged to older dogs with breed predispositions and a poorer prognosis?
What is a characteristic of protein-losing nephropathy (PLN)?
What is a characteristic of protein-losing nephropathy (PLN)?
What is crucial for successful management of glomerular disease?
What is crucial for successful management of glomerular disease?
What is the mild antihypertensive mentioned in the text for managing hypertension in glomerular disease?
What is the mild antihypertensive mentioned in the text for managing hypertension in glomerular disease?
Which type of proteinuria results from diseases affecting the proximal tubules?
Which type of proteinuria results from diseases affecting the proximal tubules?
What is the most common type of glomerular disease, causing damage to the glomerular filtration apparatus?
What is the most common type of glomerular disease, causing damage to the glomerular filtration apparatus?
What can be the consequence of untreated glomerular diseases?
What can be the consequence of untreated glomerular diseases?
What is the cause of glomerular (renal) proteinuria?
What is the cause of glomerular (renal) proteinuria?
What are the potential complications of glomerular diseases?
What are the potential complications of glomerular diseases?
What is the most common cause of glomerular (renal) proteinuria?
What is the most common cause of glomerular (renal) proteinuria?
What type of glomerular disease is due to abnormal filtration by the glomerulus?
What type of glomerular disease is due to abnormal filtration by the glomerulus?
Which factor Xa inhibitor is mentioned in the text for the management of hypercoagulability?
Which factor Xa inhibitor is mentioned in the text for the management of hypercoagulability?
What are the types of glomerular diseases?
What are the types of glomerular diseases?
What is the appropriate initial treatment time for reinfection of bacterial cystitis?
What is the appropriate initial treatment time for reinfection of bacterial cystitis?
What should be considered before selecting a drug for multi-drug resistant organisms causing UTI?
What should be considered before selecting a drug for multi-drug resistant organisms causing UTI?
In the treatment of underlying glomerular disease, how often should monitoring be conducted initially?
In the treatment of underlying glomerular disease, how often should monitoring be conducted initially?
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Study Notes
Proteinuria and Glomerular Disease Overview
- Proteinuria defined as abnormal amount of protein in urine
- Proteinuria can be pre-renal, renal, or post-renal
- Pre-renal proteinuria results from excess plasma proteins exceeding resorption in proximal renal tubules
- Renal proteinuria is caused by diseases affecting the proximal tubules
- Glomerular (renal) proteinuria is due to abnormal filtration by the glomerulus
- Glomerular diseases can be functional or structural, with functional changes possibly progressing to structural damage
- Post-renal proteinuria results from inflammation below the collecting duct
- Glomerular diseases cause damage to the glomerular filtration barrier
- Immune-complex glomerulonephritis (ICGN) is the most common glomerular disease, causing damage to the glomerular filtration apparatus
- Glomerulosclerosis, amyloidosis, and hereditary nephropathies are other types of glomerular diseases
- Glomerular diseases can lead to complications such as hypertension, hypercoagulability, and fluid accumulation
- Hypertension is a common complication of glomerular diseases and can lead to end-organ damage
Proteinuria and Glomerular Disease Overview
- Proteinuria defined as abnormal amount of protein in urine
- Proteinuria can be pre-renal, renal, or post-renal
- Pre-renal proteinuria results from excess plasma proteins exceeding resorption in proximal renal tubules
- Renal proteinuria is caused by diseases affecting the proximal tubules
- Glomerular (renal) proteinuria is due to abnormal filtration by the glomerulus
- Glomerular diseases can be functional or structural, with functional changes possibly progressing to structural damage
- Post-renal proteinuria results from inflammation below the collecting duct
- Glomerular diseases cause damage to the glomerular filtration barrier
- Immune-complex glomerulonephritis (ICGN) is the most common glomerular disease, causing damage to the glomerular filtration apparatus
- Glomerulosclerosis, amyloidosis, and hereditary nephropathies are other types of glomerular diseases
- Glomerular diseases can lead to complications such as hypertension, hypercoagulability, and fluid accumulation
- Hypertension is a common complication of glomerular diseases and can lead to end-organ damage
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