Bacterial Cystitis Diagnosis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are the cardinal signs of lower urinary tract disease?

  • Oliguria, Anuria, and Urgency
  • Dysuria, Hematuria, and Nocturia
  • Polyuria, Pollakiuria, and Incontinence (correct)
  • Flank pain, Fever, and Nausea

    • Which part of the urinary tract is responsible for localizing the disease to the upper urinary tract?

  • Urinary Bladder
  • Prostate
  • Urethra
  • Kidneys (correct)

    • What is the definition of polyuria?

  • Painful urination
  • Increased volume of urine (correct)
  • Presence of blood in urine
  • Increased frequency of urination

    • What is the main goal of differentiating urinary tract infections from subclinical bacteriuria?

    <p>To generate a treatment plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of pyelonephritis?

    <p>Ascending bacterial infections from the lower urinary tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential clinical sign of pyelonephritis?

    <p>Polyuria/polydipsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential predisposing factor for pyelonephritis?

    <p>Urethral abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is most definitive for pyelonephritis?

    <p>Pyelocentesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for pyelonephritis?

    <p>Empiric antibiotic therapy based on culture and sensitivity results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of chronic, untreated pyelonephritis?

    <p>Chronic kidney disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely cause of the bacteriuria in the given case?

    <p>Pyelonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most definitive finding in abdominal ultrasound for pyelonephritis?

    <p>Pyelectasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of medication is commonly used in the treatment of pyelonephritis?

    <p>Fluoroquinolone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential sign of systemic illness in pyelonephritis?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential evidence of comorbidity/predisposing factor in urinalysis for pyelonephritis?

    <p>Glucosuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of untreated pyelonephritis?

    <p>Permanent renal injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most appropriate treatment time for reinfection of bacterial cystitis?

    <p>3-5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for recurrent bacterial cystitis if the infection is resistant to empiric antibiotic?

    <p>Continue empiric antibiotic if animal is clinically responding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate initial treatment time for reinfection of pyelonephritis?

    <p>3-5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most appropriate empiric therapy for a 2 yo FS Bulldog with UTI caused by E. coli?

    <p>Amoxicillin for 5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate treatment time for relapse or persistence of bacterial cystitis?

    <p>7-14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common reason for isolates with < 1,000 CFUs in urine culture?

    <p>Contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate treatment for recurrent bacterial cystitis if the animal is not responding within 48 hours?

    <p>Further investigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered before selecting a drug for multi-drug resistant organisms causing UTI?

    <p>Regional resistance patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate follow-up for sporadic bacterial cystitis?

    <p>Correct/manage predisposing conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most appropriate treatment for sporadic bacterial cystitis if the infection is resistant to empiric antibiotic?

    <p>Switch to culture and susceptibility-based antibiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended initial treatment time for reinfection of pyelonephritis?

    <p>3-5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate treatment for recurrent bacterial cystitis if the infection is resistant to empiric antibiotic?

    <p>Continue empiric antibiotic if animal is clinically responding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three cardinal signs of lower urinary tract disease?

    <p>Polyuria, pollakiuria, stranguria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in dogs?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structure's impairment predisposes to UTIs?

    <p>Glycosaminoglycans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definitive method for diagnosing a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

    <p>Quantitative urine culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organisms are commonly associated with bacterial cystitis in dogs?

    <p>Gram-negative organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical signs indicate upper urinary tract infection (pyelonephritis)?

    <p>Fever, inappetence, vomiting, lethargy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pyuria (> 3-5 WBCs/hpc) indicate in a urinalysis?

    <p>Supportive evidence for UTI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be mistaken for bacteriuria in a urinalysis?

    <p>Stain precipitate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of UTIs in cats?

    <p>E. coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of positive urine cultures in cats are Enterococcus spp.?

    <p>27%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can indicate non-urinary systemic disease in the case of polymicrobial infections?

    <p>Fever, inappetence, vomiting, lethargy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of polymicrobial infections in dogs?

    <p>Bacterial cystitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most appropriate drug to prescribe for a 12-year-old male neutered Cocker Spaniel found to be proteinuric (UPC 3.2) and hypertensive (BP 170 mmHg) on routine geriatric panel?

    <p>Amlodipine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antiplatelet drug is generally used in the management of hypercoagulability?

    <p>Clopidogrel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor Xa inhibitor is mentioned in the text for the management of hypercoagulability?

    <p>Rivaroxaban</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the mild diuretics mentioned in the text for managing fluid accumulation?

    <p>Spironolactone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the treatment of underlying glomerular disease, how often should monitoring be conducted initially?

    <p>Every 2-4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is mentioned in the text as an immunosuppressive protocol for glomerulopathies?

    <p>Mycophenolate mofetil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a negative prognostic indicator for glomerular disease in dogs?

    <p>Azotemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is most appropriate to prescribe for hypertension in a proteinuric dog?

    <p>Amlodipine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of glomerular (renal) proteinuria?

    <p>Abnormal filtration by the glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glomerular disease is the most common, causing damage to the glomerular filtration apparatus?

    <p>Immune-complex glomerulonephritis (ICGN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential complications of glomerular diseases?

    <p>Hypertension, hypercoagulability, and fluid accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of proteinuria results from excess plasma proteins exceeding resorption in proximal renal tubules?

    <p>Pre-renal proteinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glomerular disease causes damage to the glomerular filtration barrier?

    <p>Glomerulosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential cause of post-renal proteinuria?

    <p>Inflammation below the collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of glomerular diseases?

    <p>Functional and structural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of renal proteinuria?

    <p>Diseases affecting the proximal tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glomerular disease is due to abnormal filtration by the glomerulus?

    <p>Immune-complex glomerulonephritis (ICGN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential consequences of glomerular diseases?

    <p>Hypertension, hypercoagulability, and fluid accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of glomerular (renal) proteinuria?

    <p>Abnormal filtration by the glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main type of proteinuria caused by diseases affecting the proximal tubules?

    <p>Renal proteinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a hallmark of glomerular disease?

    <p>Proteinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the screening test for proteinuria in diagnosing glomerular disease?

    <p>Urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common finding in glomerular disease?

    <p>Hypoalbuminemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for managing proteinuria and its complications in glomerular disease?

    <p>Sodium restriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adverse effect of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEi) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial for reducing intraglomerular pressures and magnitude of proteinuria in glomerular disease?

    <p>RAAS blockade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for distinguishing between primary glomerular diseases in glomerular disease diagnosis?

    <p>Renal biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for confirming proteinuria and identifying non-renal causes of hypertension in glomerular disease?

    <p>Advanced diagnostics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What helps reduce proteinuria by inhibiting AngII production and blocking its receptor in glomerular disease management?

    <p>RAAS blockade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for successful management of glomerular disease?

    <p>Identifying and treating the underlying disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be necessary to distinguish between primary glomerular diseases and look for an underlying cause in glomerular disease diagnosis?

    <p>Renal biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is important for managing proteinuria and its complications in glomerular disease?

    <p>Sodium restriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a negative prognostic indicator for glomerular disease in dogs?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most appropriate drug to prescribe for a 12-year-old male neutered Cocker Spaniel found to be proteinuric (UPC 3.2) and hypertensive (BP 170 mmHg) on routine geriatric panel?

    <p>Amlodipine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the mild diuretics mentioned in the text for managing fluid accumulation?

    <p>Hydrochlorothiazide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor Xa inhibitor is mentioned in the text for the management of hypercoagulability?

    <p>Rivaroxaban</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended monitoring interval for primary glomerulopathies initially?

    <p>Every 2-4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is mentioned in the text as an immunosuppressive protocol for glomerulopathies?

    <p>Mycophenolate mofetil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of pyelonephritis?

    <p>E. coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antiplatelet drug is generally used in the management of hypercoagulability?

    <p>Clopidogrel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hallmark of glomerular disease?

    <p>Proteinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the screening test for proteinuria in diagnosing glomerular disease?

    <p>Urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common complication of glomerular disease?

    <p>Thromboembolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication helps reduce proteinuria by inhibiting AngII production and blocking its receptor?

    <p>Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essential diagnostic test for distinguishing between primary glomerular diseases?

    <p>Renal biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial for reducing intraglomerular pressures and magnitude of proteinuria?

    <p>RAAS blockade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an adverse effect of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEi) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is important for confirming proteinuria and identifying non-renal causes of hypertension?

    <p>Serial monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is more common in middle-aged to older dogs with breed predispositions and a poorer prognosis?

    <p>Protein-losing nephropathy (PLN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of protein-losing nephropathy (PLN)?

    <p>Hypoalbuminemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial for successful management of glomerular disease?

    <p>Protein restriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mild antihypertensive mentioned in the text for managing hypertension in glomerular disease?

    <p>Calcium channel blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of proteinuria results from diseases affecting the proximal tubules?

    <p>Renal proteinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of glomerular disease, causing damage to the glomerular filtration apparatus?

    <p>Immune-complex glomerulonephritis (ICGN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be the consequence of untreated glomerular diseases?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of glomerular (renal) proteinuria?

    <p>Abnormal filtration by the glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential complications of glomerular diseases?

    <p>Hypertension, hypercoagulability, and fluid accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of glomerular (renal) proteinuria?

    <p>Abnormal filtration by the glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of glomerular disease is due to abnormal filtration by the glomerulus?

    <p>Immune-complex glomerulonephritis (ICGN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor Xa inhibitor is mentioned in the text for the management of hypercoagulability?

    <p>Rivaroxaban</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of glomerular diseases?

    <p>Functional and structural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate initial treatment time for reinfection of bacterial cystitis?

    <p>7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered before selecting a drug for multi-drug resistant organisms causing UTI?

    <p>Urine culture and sensitivity results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the treatment of underlying glomerular disease, how often should monitoring be conducted initially?

    <p>Every 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Proteinuria and Glomerular Disease Overview

    • Proteinuria defined as abnormal amount of protein in urine
    • Proteinuria can be pre-renal, renal, or post-renal
    • Pre-renal proteinuria results from excess plasma proteins exceeding resorption in proximal renal tubules
    • Renal proteinuria is caused by diseases affecting the proximal tubules
    • Glomerular (renal) proteinuria is due to abnormal filtration by the glomerulus
    • Glomerular diseases can be functional or structural, with functional changes possibly progressing to structural damage
    • Post-renal proteinuria results from inflammation below the collecting duct
    • Glomerular diseases cause damage to the glomerular filtration barrier
    • Immune-complex glomerulonephritis (ICGN) is the most common glomerular disease, causing damage to the glomerular filtration apparatus
    • Glomerulosclerosis, amyloidosis, and hereditary nephropathies are other types of glomerular diseases
    • Glomerular diseases can lead to complications such as hypertension, hypercoagulability, and fluid accumulation
    • Hypertension is a common complication of glomerular diseases and can lead to end-organ damage

    Proteinuria and Glomerular Disease Overview

    • Proteinuria defined as abnormal amount of protein in urine
    • Proteinuria can be pre-renal, renal, or post-renal
    • Pre-renal proteinuria results from excess plasma proteins exceeding resorption in proximal renal tubules
    • Renal proteinuria is caused by diseases affecting the proximal tubules
    • Glomerular (renal) proteinuria is due to abnormal filtration by the glomerulus
    • Glomerular diseases can be functional or structural, with functional changes possibly progressing to structural damage
    • Post-renal proteinuria results from inflammation below the collecting duct
    • Glomerular diseases cause damage to the glomerular filtration barrier
    • Immune-complex glomerulonephritis (ICGN) is the most common glomerular disease, causing damage to the glomerular filtration apparatus
    • Glomerulosclerosis, amyloidosis, and hereditary nephropathies are other types of glomerular diseases
    • Glomerular diseases can lead to complications such as hypertension, hypercoagulability, and fluid accumulation
    • Hypertension is a common complication of glomerular diseases and can lead to end-organ damage

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of diagnosing bacterial cystitis with this quiz. Topics include quantitative urine culture, glucosuria, ketonuria, and bacterial isolates. Understand the importance of clinical signs and susceptibility testing.

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