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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of selective media?
What is the primary function of selective media?
- To identify bacteria based on pigment production
- To differentiate bacteria based on enzyme activity
- To reduce the numbers of irrelevant bacteria in samples (correct)
- To allow the growth of all bacteria equally
What does the oxidase test differentiate between?
What does the oxidase test differentiate between?
- Presence or absence of cytochrome C (correct)
- Gram-positive and gram-negative organisms
- Presence or absence of antibiotic resistance
- Growth patterns on selective media
Which term describes antibody reactions with specific bacterial cell structures?
Which term describes antibody reactions with specific bacterial cell structures?
- Plasmids
- Sero (correct)
- Genomes
- Bacteriophages
What does genetic instability in bacteria refer to?
What does genetic instability in bacteria refer to?
How do bacteria typically reproduce?
How do bacteria typically reproduce?
What is suggested by phylogenetic classification in bacteria?
What is suggested by phylogenetic classification in bacteria?
What is the significance of chemical characterization of bacterial genomic DNA?
What is the significance of chemical characterization of bacterial genomic DNA?
What challenge does the fossil record pose in bacterial classification?
What challenge does the fossil record pose in bacterial classification?
Which type of bacteria is characterized by the presence of a peptidoglycan cell wall?
Which type of bacteria is characterized by the presence of a peptidoglycan cell wall?
What technique is noted for providing a more precise method for species delineation in bacteria?
What technique is noted for providing a more precise method for species delineation in bacteria?
What characteristic is unique to the membranes of Mollicutes?
What characteristic is unique to the membranes of Mollicutes?
Which of the following is a basic type of Archaebacteria?
Which of the following is a basic type of Archaebacteria?
Which process do Gram-positive bacteria primarily use for reproduction?
Which process do Gram-positive bacteria primarily use for reproduction?
Which type of prokaryotic cell resembles eukaryotic cells and lacks a classic peptidoglycan cell wall?
Which type of prokaryotic cell resembles eukaryotic cells and lacks a classic peptidoglycan cell wall?
What is the primary purpose of serologic typing in epidemiology?
What is the primary purpose of serologic typing in epidemiology?
Which of the following is NOT a form of reproduction in bacteria?
Which of the following is NOT a form of reproduction in bacteria?
What role do monoclonal antibodies play in subtyping microorganisms?
What role do monoclonal antibodies play in subtyping microorganisms?
What is the purpose of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) in genotyping?
What is the purpose of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) in genotyping?
What characteristic is associated with Gram-negative eubacteria?
What characteristic is associated with Gram-negative eubacteria?
Which feature distinguishes Archaebacteria from eubacteria?
Which feature distinguishes Archaebacteria from eubacteria?
Mycoplasmas can be described as which of the following?
Mycoplasmas can be described as which of the following?
Which bacterial group includes species that can be phototrophic or nonphototrophic?
Which bacterial group includes species that can be phototrophic or nonphototrophic?
What is subtyping in the context of bacteriology?
What is subtyping in the context of bacteriology?
Why is identifying the E coli serotype O157:H7 important?
Why is identifying the E coli serotype O157:H7 important?
What is primarily improved through chemical fingerprinting?
What is primarily improved through chemical fingerprinting?
What technique is NOT associated with nucleic acid-based taxonomy?
What technique is NOT associated with nucleic acid-based taxonomy?
Which method is most useful for examining temporal and spatial outbreaks?
Which method is most useful for examining temporal and spatial outbreaks?
What is the primary function of restriction endonucleases?
What is the primary function of restriction endonucleases?
Which analysis method detects polymorphisms of rRNA genes in bacteria?
Which analysis method detects polymorphisms of rRNA genes in bacteria?
What subtyping method uses the concept of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)?
What subtyping method uses the concept of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)?
Which technique is involved in separating plasmids from bacteria?
Which technique is involved in separating plasmids from bacteria?
What characteristic of restriction endonucleases contributes to their utility in analysis?
What characteristic of restriction endonucleases contributes to their utility in analysis?
What is a primary limitation of ribotyping for certain microorganisms?
What is a primary limitation of ribotyping for certain microorganisms?
What does the PCR-assisted approach involving rRNA primarily help identify?
What does the PCR-assisted approach involving rRNA primarily help identify?
How many bacterial species are estimated to exist in the world according to recent studies?
How many bacterial species are estimated to exist in the world according to recent studies?
What role do bioinformatical tools play in microbial genome sequencing?
What role do bioinformatical tools play in microbial genome sequencing?
What application does multiple-locus VNTR analysis (MLVA) primarily serve?
What application does multiple-locus VNTR analysis (MLVA) primarily serve?
Which method is commonly used in microbial forensics to address epidemiologic questions?
Which method is commonly used in microbial forensics to address epidemiologic questions?
What is one challenge faced in estimating total numbers of organisms in microbial studies?
What is one challenge faced in estimating total numbers of organisms in microbial studies?
What pathogen was identified as causing bacillary angiomatosis using modern techniques?
What pathogen was identified as causing bacillary angiomatosis using modern techniques?
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Study Notes
Media Types in Bacterial Growth
- Blood Agar and Chocolate Agar: Essential media types for bacterial cultivation.
- Selective Media: Designed to reduce non-relevant bacterial populations from samples.
- Differential Media: Allows differentiation based on pigmentation and extracellular enzymes.
Bacterial Classification
- Microscopy Techniques:
- Gram Stain: Essential for classification based on cell wall properties.
- Light Microscopy: Used for observing bacterial structure.
Biochemical Testing
- Oxidase Test: Identifies organisms based on the presence of cytochrome C.
- Catalase Activity: Differentiates gram-positive from gram-negative cocci.
Immunological Tests
- Sero-based Classification: Utilizes antibodies reacting with bacterial structures for classification into serotypes, serogroups, and serovars.
Genetic Instability
- Defining Taxonomic Groups: Genetic traits can indicate shared characteristics or instability within a biological group.
- Resistance Genes: Often located on plasmids affecting bacterial adaptability.
Phylogenetic Classification
- Indicates shared ancestry among organisms; lacks fossil evidence complicates distinguishing evolutionary paths.
Genetic Diversity Among Bacteria
- Nucleotide Base Composition: Variability within genomic DNA characterizes different species.
- DNA Sequencing: A precise tool for species identification.
- Bergey's Manual: Major taxonomic reference for bacteria published in 1923.
Types of Prokaryotic Organisms
- Eubacteria: Characterized by peptidoglycan cell walls and diverse metabolic types, including phototrophic and nonphototrophic organisms.
- Archaebacteria: Lacks peptidoglycan but shares some eukaryotic cell features.
Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Eubacteria
- Gram-Negative: Complex cell envelope; capable of various respiration types.
- Gram-Positive: Thick cell wall structure, may produce spores for survival.
Eubacteria Lacking Cell Walls
- Mycoplasmas: Small bacteria without cell walls, require cholesterol for growth, reproduce through various methods including budding.
Archaebacteria
- Extremophiles: Residing in extreme environments with unique cellular structures and metabolic pathways.
Subtyping Bacterial Strains
- Characteristics for Discrimination: Can identify strains below species level using various methods such as serotyping.
Serologic Typing and Epidemiology
- Valuable in tracking infectious disease outbreaks, enhanced by biotechnology.
Genotyping Techniques
- Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis (MLEE): Standard for analyzing genetic diversity in microorganisms.
Chemical Fingerprinting Methods
- Techniques such as FTIR and mass spectrometry facilitate accurate isolate identification.
Nucleic Acid-Based Taxonomy
- Techniques: Plasmid profile analysis and ribotyping for subtype identification.
Plasmid Analysis
- Involves isolation and separation of plasmids through gel electrophoresis to trace bacterial outbreaks.
Restriction Endonuclease Analysis
- DNA cleavage method for subtyping through agarose gel electrophoresis and pulsed field gel electrophoresis.
Southern Blot Analysis
- Identifies isolates associated with outbreaks through DNA fragment analysis.
Ribotyping
- Detects polymorphisms in ribosomal RNA genes, revealing genetic relationships among bacteria.
Repetitive Sequences in Microbial Genomes
- Multiple-locus VNTR Analysis (MLVA): PCR-based subtyping for identifying bacterial strains.
Microbial Forensics
- Advanced genotyping methods emerging to tackle epidemiological challenges and investigate bioterrorism.
Non-Culture Methods for Pathogen Identification
- PCR-Assisted Techniques: Identify pathogens directly in situ and have led to the discovery of new bacterial species.
Bacterial Species Estimate
- Recent studies suggest total bacterial species count ranges between 10^7 and 10^9, highlighting biodiversity challenges.
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