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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of injecting a small quantity of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into the body?
What is the purpose of injecting a small quantity of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into the body?
- To reduce immune response
- To cause disease
- To stimulate antibody production (correct)
- To provide nutrition
The MMR vaccine protects against measles, mumps, and chickenpox.
The MMR vaccine protects against measles, mumps, and chickenpox.
False (B)
Name the white blood cells responsible for producing antibodies.
Name the white blood cells responsible for producing antibodies.
B cells
If a large proportion of the population is __________ to a pathogen, the spread of the pathogen is very much reduced.
If a large proportion of the population is __________ to a pathogen, the spread of the pathogen is very much reduced.
Match the following vaccination terms with their definitions:
Match the following vaccination terms with their definitions:
What is a common symptom of Gonorrhoea?
What is a common symptom of Gonorrhoea?
Salmonella can be transmitted through unhygienic food preparation.
Salmonella can be transmitted through unhygienic food preparation.
What is the primary treatment for Rose black spot?
What is the primary treatment for Rose black spot?
The pathogens that cause _____ are protists.
The pathogens that cause _____ are protists.
Match the following diseases with their corresponding treatments:
Match the following diseases with their corresponding treatments:
How can malaria be effectively controlled?
How can malaria be effectively controlled?
Gonorrhoea can be treated effectively with penicillin in all cases.
Gonorrhoea can be treated effectively with penicillin in all cases.
Which part of the life cycle does Plasmodium multiply in?
Which part of the life cycle does Plasmodium multiply in?
What happens to bacteria when they become resistant to an antibiotic?
What happens to bacteria when they become resistant to an antibiotic?
Doctors should prescribe antibiotics for viral infections.
Doctors should prescribe antibiotics for viral infections.
What should people do when prescribed antibiotics?
What should people do when prescribed antibiotics?
A disease that spreads widely through several countries is called a ______.
A disease that spreads widely through several countries is called a ______.
Match the terms with their correct definitions:
Match the terms with their correct definitions:
Which of the following statements about pathogens is true?
Which of the following statements about pathogens is true?
All bacteria are pathogens.
All bacteria are pathogens.
Name one way in which viruses cause illness.
Name one way in which viruses cause illness.
A pathogenic bacterium that produces toxins and can cause food poisoning is called __________.
A pathogenic bacterium that produces toxins and can cause food poisoning is called __________.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Which method is NOT used to disrupt the life cycle of a mosquito?
Which method is NOT used to disrupt the life cycle of a mosquito?
White blood cells can kill viral pathogens.
White blood cells can kill viral pathogens.
What process do white blood cells use to engulf and digest pathogens?
What process do white blood cells use to engulf and digest pathogens?
Antibiotics are effective against __________.
Antibiotics are effective against __________.
Match the type of white blood cell activity with its description:
Match the type of white blood cell activity with its description:
Which of the following is a method used to prevent mosquito breeding?
Which of the following is a method used to prevent mosquito breeding?
Antibiotic resistance is when bacteria mutate and become resistant to an antibiotic.
Antibiotic resistance is when bacteria mutate and become resistant to an antibiotic.
What is a challenge in developing antiviral drugs?
What is a challenge in developing antiviral drugs?
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Study Notes
Bacterial Diseases
- Salmonella food poisoning is transmitted through bacteria in contaminated food, especially when prepared in unsanitary conditions.
- In the UK, vaccination of poultry against Salmonella helps reduce its transmission.
- Symptoms of Salmonella infection include fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea.
- Gonorrhoea is an STD characterized by thick yellow or green discharge and painful urination, caused by a bacterium.
- Initially treatable with penicillin, many Gonorrhoea strains have developed antibiotic resistance.
- Transmission occurs through sexual contact, and control measures include antibiotic treatment and barrier contraception methods.
Fungal Diseases
- Rose black spot, caused by a fungus, manifests as purple or black spots on leaves, leading to early leaf drop and reduced photosynthesis.
- Spread by water or wind, it can be managed with fungicides and removal of infected leaves.
Protist Diseases
- Malaria is caused by protists, specifically Plasmodium, which have a life cycle involving mosquitoes.
- Symptoms of malaria include recurrent fever, with the disease potentially being fatal.
- Control methods include preventing mosquito breeding and using nets to avoid bites.
Malaria Infection Cycle
- Female mosquitoes acquire Plasmodium from infected humans.
- Infected mosquitoes inject Plasmodium into another human's bloodstream, where it travels to the liver, multiplies, and then infects red blood cells.
- Bursting of infected red blood cells releases more Plasmodium and toxins, leading to malaria symptoms.
- Untreated individuals can experience severe illness or mortality.
Vaccine Immunity
- Widespread vaccination leads to a significant reduction in pathogen spread.
- Vaccination involves introducing dead or inactive pathogens to stimulate antibody production in white blood cells.
- Example: MMR vaccine protects against measles, mumps, and rubella.
Antibiotic Resistance
- Bacteria can mutate and develop resistance to antibiotics, allowing resistant strains to proliferate.
- The rise of resistant bacteria poses a challenge as they can reproduce rapidly without competition.
- Strategies to combat resistance include prudent antibiotic prescription and completing prescribed courses to eliminate residual bacteria.
Scientific Efforts
- Researchers aim to develop new antibiotic classes and retain some antibiotics for emergency use.
Epidemics and Pandemics
- Epidemics are localized outbreaks of disease within one country, while pandemics spread across multiple countries.
Pathogens
- Pathogens are microorganisms causing infectious diseases, with harmful effects occurring when they enter the body in large quantities.
- Not all bacteria are harmful; pathogenic strains can reproduce quickly and produce toxins.
Viruses
- Viruses are smaller than bacteria, and all are pathogens that damage host cells during replication.
- Viral invasion involves entering a cell, using its machinery for reproduction, and causing cell damage upon exit.
Mosquito Life Cycle Disruption
- Control measures include draining stagnant water, using insecticides to eliminate adult mosquitoes, and oiling water sources to suffocate larvae.
White Blood Cells
- White blood cells defend against pathogens through phagocytosis, producing antitoxins, and generating specific antibodies.
- Phagocytosis involves engulfing and digesting pathogens, while antibodies target specific bacteria for destruction.
Drug Treatment for Diseases
- Painkillers may relieve symptoms but do not kill pathogens; antibiotics effectively eliminate bacteria but are ineffective against viruses.
- Developing antiviral drugs poses challenges due to potential damage to host tissues.
- Targeting specific bacteria with appropriate antibiotics has decreased mortality from bacterial infections.
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