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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of plasmids in bacterial cells?
What is a characteristic of plasmids in bacterial cells?
- Identical to chromosomal DNA
- Extrachromosomal DNA that can carry advantageous genes (correct)
- Essential for bacterial growth
- Found in all bacteria
What is the role of the nucleoid in prokaryotic cells?
What is the role of the nucleoid in prokaryotic cells?
- To store energy as lipid droplets
- To serve as the site of protein synthesis
- To aggregate DNA in a dense region (correct)
- To function as a membrane-bound nucleus
What can plasmids contribute to the ability of bacteria to survive in hostile environments?
What can plasmids contribute to the ability of bacteria to survive in hostile environments?
- They can share genetic material through pilus connections (correct)
- They replicate only under specific environmental conditions
- They provide essential genes for metabolism
- They serve as storage for waste products
Why is it stated that a bacterial cell cannot survive with only plasmids and no chromosome?
Why is it stated that a bacterial cell cannot survive with only plasmids and no chromosome?
Which is a key difference between prokaryotic ribosomes and eukaryotic ribosomes?
Which is a key difference between prokaryotic ribosomes and eukaryotic ribosomes?
What is the primary function of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?
What is the primary function of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following statements about the capsule structure is correct?
Which of the following statements about the capsule structure is correct?
What feature distinguishes the chromosomal DNA in prokaryotic cells?
What feature distinguishes the chromosomal DNA in prokaryotic cells?
What is the main function of ribosomes in bacterial cells?
What is the main function of ribosomes in bacterial cells?
What distinguishes the sedimentation rates of ribosomes in prokaryotes compared to eukaryotes?
What distinguishes the sedimentation rates of ribosomes in prokaryotes compared to eukaryotes?
What are inclusions in bacterial cells primarily composed of?
What are inclusions in bacterial cells primarily composed of?
Which of the following best describes an endospore?
Which of the following best describes an endospore?
What is a characteristic of magnetotactic bacteria?
What is a characteristic of magnetotactic bacteria?
What triggers the process of sporulation in bacteria?
What triggers the process of sporulation in bacteria?
Which of the following correctly identifies the composition of endospores?
Which of the following correctly identifies the composition of endospores?
Which bacterial genera are known for producing endospores?
Which bacterial genera are known for producing endospores?
What characteristic differentiates endospores from vegetative cells?
What characteristic differentiates endospores from vegetative cells?
What is the lifespan of endospores compared to vegetative cells?
What is the lifespan of endospores compared to vegetative cells?
In what metabolic state are endospores found?
In what metabolic state are endospores found?
Which of the following scenarios would likely lead to germination from an endospore?
Which of the following scenarios would likely lead to germination from an endospore?
What is a major implication of endospores in infectious diseases?
What is a major implication of endospores in infectious diseases?
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Study Notes
Bacterial Anatomy
- The bacterial cell is divided into internal structures and external structures
- Internal structures include: nucleoid, plasmids, ribosomes, and inclusions
- External structures include: cell envelope, flagella, pili, and capsules
- The nucleoid contains DNA and is not membrane-bound
- Plasmids are extrachromosomal pieces of DNA that are not essential for bacterial growth and metabolism
- Plasmids can carry genes for antibiotic resistance, toxin production, and enzymes harmful to humans
- Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis and have a different structure in bacteria than eukaryotes
- Inclusions are non-membrane bound granules that store reserve materials
- Magnetotactic bacteria use iron oxide for magnetotaxis (navigation using Earth's magnetic field)
- Endospores are dormant, tough bodies produced by some bacteria
- Endospores are resistant to heat, radiation, and disinfectants and are not a bacterial cell
- Endospores contain genetic material, ribosomes, and enzymes needed for return to vegetative stage
- The production of endospores (sporulation) occurs due to nutrient depletion
- Endospores are found in bacteria like Bacillus and Clostridium, which are clinically significant
- Endospores play a role in infectious diseases, since they can survive in harsh environments for extended periods
- Bacillus and Clostridium are able to produce endospores
- Bacillus and Clostridium can be found in soil, water, and food sources potentially causing infections such as tetanus, anthrax, botulism, and gas gangrene
- The endospore stain is a differential stain to identify bacteria that produce endospores
- Vegetative cells appear red, and endospores appear green
Endospore Characteristics
- Metabolically active (Vegetative) - Yes; dormant (Endospore) - No
- Reproduces (Vegetative) - Yes; doesn't reproduce (Endospore) - No
- Resistant to heat, radiation and chemicals (Vegetative) - No; (Endospore) - Yes
- Lifespan (Vegetative) - Normal; (Endospore) - Indefinite
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