34 Questions
What does the morbidity rate and mortality rate indicate?
The severity and lethality of a disease
Which term is used to describe the number of new cases of a disease during a specified time period?
Incidence
What does the case-fatality rate measure?
The percentage of people with a specific disease who die from it
Which term describes the number of people affected divided by those with specific exposure to a disease?
Attack rate
What is the term used for an epidemic that is more prevalent than expected?
Epidemic
How is the basic reproductive number defined?
of new infections generated from one original infection
What is the primary function of the viral spikes mentioned in the text?
Facilitate attachment to host cells
In which process does the viral capsid or genome get injected into the host cell's cytoplasm?
Direct penetration
Which component of the cell envelope enables bacteria to adhere to host cell membranes and environmental surfaces?
S-Layer
What is the main purpose of viral replication within host cells?
To create more virus particles
What is the function of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in gram-negative bacteria?
Mediate specific adherence
Which process involves stripping off the protein coat of a virus?
Uncoating
Invasion by bacterial pathogens involves different mechanisms, including the zipper mechanism and trigger mechanism for:
Immune system evasion
What is the term for the ability of some viruses to remain dormant within host cells for an extended period?
Viral latency
Which type of pathogen can exist both inside and outside of host cells?
Facultative intracellular pathogen
How does a virus achieve transcription/mRNA production during replication?
By directly using host cell proteins
What is the role of Glycocalyx in bacterial cells?
Mediating specific attachment
What distinguishes an obligate intracellular pathogen from other types of pathogens?
It moves to the host cell almost immediately
What is the primary function of viral protein synthesis in the context of the text?
Assemble the virus components
How does a virus utilize exocytosis to exit a host cell?
By being enclosed and transported to the cell membrane
What is the main purpose of budding for enveloped viruses according to the text?
To pass through the immune system undetected
In what way is apoptosis utilized by a virus to release viral progeny?
By destroying the host cell
What is the main advantage of proviruses for viruses according to the text?
To escape detection by the immune system
Why is shedding an important process for virus transmission outside the host cell?
To enable viruses to pass through cell membranes
What is the primary difference between illness, disease, and sickness?
Illness is the subjective experience of symptoms, disease is the underlying pathology, and sickness is a social/cultural conception of the condition.
What type of infection occurs when normal flora is introduced to a previously sterile site?
Endogenous infection
Which term refers to a complete set of signs and symptoms connected to a particular disease?
Syndrome
What is the term for the ability of an infectious agent to cause disease?
Virulence
Which factor belongs to the epidemiologic triad of infectious diseases?
Host factors like age or immunity
What term describes an inanimate object that serves a role in disease transmission?
Fomite
Which term describes the natural habitat where a pathogen lives and reproduces?
Reservoir
What does 'Latent' mean in the context of infectious diseases?
'Latent' occurs before signs and symptoms are noticeable.
'Nosocomial infection' refers to infections that originate from which setting?
Hospitals
'Major aspects' covered in epidemiology include all of the following EXCEPT:
'Comparisons of prevention/treatment options'
Test your knowledge on bacterial adherence structures including S-Layer, Glycocalyx, and Capsule. Learn about the role of these structures in adherence and biofilm formation.
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