30 Questions
What is the main reason for the purulent exudate observed in symptomatic gonorrhea infections?
Bacterial innate immune stimulation causing cytokine and chemokine signaling
What is the key difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic gonorrhea infections?
The presence of a purulent exudate
According to the passage, what is a possible reason for asymptomatic gonorrhea infections?
N. gonorrhoeae recruits neutrophils in insufficient numbers to produce observable symptoms
How does N. gonorrhoeae prevent complement activation and bacterial killing?
By binding to sialic acid and recruiting factor H
What is the role of neutrophils in asymptomatic gonorrhea infections?
Neutrophils are not recruited to the site of infection during asymptomatic colonization
How does N. gonorrhoeae modulate the activities of macrophages, DCs and neutrophils?
By polarizing some macrophage lineages and preventing apoptosis
What is the role of CEACAM3 on neutrophils when bacterial contact occurs?
Enables capture of Opa-expressing variants for subsequent phagocytosis
What is the disagreement regarding neutrophil recruitment in response to N.gonorrhoeae infection?
The role of neutrophil recruitment is unclear
What is one hypothesis regarding N.gonorrhoeae's interaction with the immune system?
N.gonorrhoeae aims to evade detection by the immune system
What supports the hypothesis that neutrophil inflammation benefits the pathogen?
Bacterial shedding correlates with neutrophil infiltration
How does CEACAM family of receptors function on neutrophils compared to other cell types?
Enables capture of bacteria for phagocytosis in neutrophils
Why do some researchers believe N.gonorrhoeae aims to evade detection by the immune system?
Because immune stimulation ultimately benefits the pathogen
What is the focus of the new concepts in immunity to Neisseria gonorrhoeae discussed in the text?
Innate responses and suppression of adaptive immunity favoring the pathogen
What is the current status of vaccines against gonorrhea according to the text?
Current vaccines against gonorrhea face significant challenges
What type of resistance to antimicrobial agents in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is discussed in the text?
Chromosomally mediated resistance to ceftriaxone and cefixime
How does the mtrRCDE efflux system affect resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to antimicrobial hydrophobic agents?
The mtrRCDE efflux system increases resistance to hydrophobic agents
What is the mechanism by which the penC mutation confers antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
The penC mutation affects the stability of the PilQ secretin multimer
What is the effect of the gonococcal efflux pump system on bacterial survival in a female mouse model of genital tract infection?
The efflux pump system enhances bacterial survival
What is the primary event establishing infection in Neisseria gonorrhoeae pathogenesis?
Bacterial adherence to the epithelium of the mucosa
Which bacterial surface structures are involved in adherence to the epithelium?
Type IV pili, Opa proteins, LOS, and PorB
What is the role of type IV pili in Neisseria gonorrhoeae pathogenesis?
Mediating initial cellular adherence, twitching motility, and immune evasion
What is the function of Opa proteins in Neisseria gonorrhoeae pathogenesis?
Mediating adherence after initial contact by type IV pili and immune evasion
What is the role of the Opa–CEACAM interaction in Neisseria gonorrhoeae pathogenesis?
It is important for adherence to the epithelial surface
What is the purpose of antigenic variation and phase variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Immune evasion
What is one of the limitations of studying Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection models?
The specific types and local concentrations of nutrients present during infection are unknown.
How can the interaction of N. gonorrhoeae with host cells be studied?
By using ex vivo studies with immortalized or primary cell lines.
What is a limitation of using immortalized cell lines to study N. gonorrhoeae infection?
Immortalized cell lines do not always model human tissues accurately.
What is the most well-developed mouse model for studying N. gonorrhoeae infection?
The oestradiol-treated vaginal infection model.
What is a limitation of the oestradiol-treated vaginal infection mouse model?
It is limited to addressing certain questions, specifically short-term colonization or survival factors.
What is one of the challenges in studying N. gonorrhoeae infection models?
N. gonorrhoeae has evolved to survive and persist only within the human body.
Learn about the primary event establishing infection and the first step in pathogenesis, which is bacterial adherence to the epithelium of the mucosa. Discover how distinct bacterial surface structures mediate this process and understand the importance of type IV pili, opacity proteins, LOS, and porin.
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