30 Questions
What determines how a word is pronounced and what it means?
Sequence of letters in the word
What type of bond exists between A-U and G-C in RNA?
Hydrogen bond
What is the basis of formation of a stem structure in RNA?
Complementarity between two strands
What happens when there is no complementarity in RNA?
Formation of a loop structure
What is the maximum number of bonds that can form between G-C in RNA?
Triple bond
What is the result of the attraction between complementary strands in RNA?
A complimentary copy of the RNA
In discussing RNA or DNA, which direction do we always refer to, from the 5 prime to the 3 prime end?
5 prime to 3 prime.
Which group of organisms was mentioned to be more primitive compared to bacteria?
Archaea
When describing a ribbon-like RNA molecule, which end is considered the left and which the right?
Left hand is 5 prime, right end is 3 prime.
Why does the Formose reaction not favor a pentose sugar ribose as opposed to favoring many different molecules?
Many molecules are formed bi-directionally.
What tool is predominantly used for comparing different organisms and their relatedness?
RNA phylogeny
What raises the question of selectivity in the significance of a pentose sugar like ribose?
The Formose reaction.
Which bacterial group prefers a very high temperature environment?
Thermococcus
Where does the selectivity arise from when considering a pentose sugar like ribose for RNA?
An unknown selection process.
Where does the branch of interest lie when comparing archaea and bacteria?
Between thermococcus and thermomicrobium
What is the significance of understanding molecules formed by the Formose reaction for the context of RNA?
Reveals the multitude of possible molecules.
What type of RNA was specifically mentioned to be used for comparing different organisms in the text?
Ribosomal RNA
What do high genetic similarities between Thermococcus and thermos suggest?
They are more closely related
What does the 'D' stand for in 'beta D ribo furanose'?
Dextro rotatory
Which type of sugars are predominantly found in living organisms?
L forms of amino acids
What is the property of chemical molecules like amino acids that can rotate the plane of polarization of light?
Optical activity
Which of the following statements is true regarding purines like adenine and guanine?
They are the only purines involved in RNA structure
In the prebiotic world, why did only some molecules get recruited into RNA structure?
They were too complex
Which group of molecules are mainly formed due to physical and thermal activities in the prebiotic world?
Pyrimidines
What is one of the major limitations of DNA mentioned in the text?
Extreme stability
Why is extreme stability of DNA a limitation in terms of catalysis?
Stability makes DNA less reactive during catalysis
What are the implications of DNA's stability on its reactivity during catalysis?
DNA remains stable even during catalysis
Why is stability an obstacle for DNA to act as a catalyst according to the text?
Stable molecules are less likely to undergo reactions
What is one key difference between DNA and RNA mentioned in the text?
DNA is more stable and less reactive compared to RNA
What kind of evidence has not been demonstrated regarding DNA's catalytic abilities in laboratory conditions according to the text?
Reports showing DNA can act as a catalyst
Study Notes
Limitations of DNA
- DNA is a good prospect for storing genetic information, but it has limitations
- DNA is less reactive and very stable, which makes it reasonably inactive for catalysis
- There is no experimental evidence showing that DNA can act as a catalyst, even in laboratory conditions
RNA as a Storage of Genetic Information
- The sequence of RNA can contain information and mean something specific
- The hydrogen bonding between A-U and G-C allows RNA to carry information
- A RNA strand can make a copy of itself by attracting another nucleotide and pairing with it
Template and Complementarity
- A RNA strand will always attract a complementary strand, forming a stem structure
- When there is no complementarity, the structure remains a loop
- Directionality is important in RNA and DNA, with the 5' end being the "left hand" and the 3' end being the "right hand"
Prebiotic Synthesis of Sugars
- The Formose reaction can form many molecules, but it doesn't favor the pentose sugar ribose
- There is selectivity in the choice of ribose as a pentose sugar, but the mechanism of this selectivity is unclear
Classification of Living Organisms
- Living organisms can be classified into two categories: prokaryotes and eukaryotes
- Prokaryotes are more primitive and thought to have evolved earlier than eukaryotes
- Bacteria can be classified into three groups: archaea, bacteria, and eucarya
RNA Phylogeny
- RNA phylogeny is used to compare the relatedness of different organisms
- Thermococcus and thermus have high genetic similarity, indicating a close evolutionary relationship
- Ribosomal RNA phylogeny can reveal information about the evolutionary history of organisms
Test your knowledge on the classification of bacteria into different groups, including archaea and prokaryotes. Understand the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes and their evolutionary timelines.
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