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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of lysosomes within a cell?
What key role do centrioles play during cell division?
Which of the following structures is unique to plant cells?
What are microtubules primarily responsible for in a dividing cell?
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What is the main function of the cell membrane?
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Which component of the plant cell absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis?
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Which statement regarding plastids is correct?
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What structure is responsible for aiding movement in certain cells?
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What role do lysosomes play in a cell?
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Which process is primarily responsible for the removal of metabolic wastes from a cell?
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Which structure aids eukaryotic cells in moving in response to environmental changes?
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How does the cell membrane contribute to waste management?
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What distinguishes cryo-electron microscopy from other microscopy techniques?
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What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus related to lysosomes?
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In what way do eukaryotic cells reproduce?
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What is a critical aspect of drawing cells under a microscope?
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What is the primary purpose of cryogenic electron microscopy (Cryo-EM)?
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What is the initial step in the Cryo-EM process?
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Which type of microscope can view structures down to 0.000001 millimeters?
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Which statement is true regarding the imaging characteristics of electron microscopes?
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What is the measurement unit for magnification in microscopy?
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What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?
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What is the main purpose of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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How do vacuoles in plant cells differ from those in animal cells?
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What role does the Golgi apparatus play in protein processing?
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What is the primary function of lysosomes within a cell?
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What characterizes the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
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Which process is involved in adding functional groups to proteins after synthesis?
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What are vesicles used for in a cell?
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What is the primary function of the nuclear membrane?
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Which structure is responsible for allowing bacteria to move?
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What is the role of the nucleolus within the cell?
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What is one of the functions of the capsule in bacterial cells?
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What do plasmids provide to bacteria?
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What is the function of pili in bacterial cells?
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Which of the following layers is located directly beneath the capsule in a bacterial cell?
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Why do the transport proteins in the nuclear membrane only allow certain substances to pass through?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure and Function
- DNA Organization: In prokaryotes, DNA floats freely without a nuclear membrane, while eukaryotic DNA is enclosed within a nuclear membrane with pores that facilitate transportation.
- Flagella: Tail-like structures that enable movement for some bacteria.
- Pili: Hair-like projections on bacteria that assist in attachment to surfaces, aiding infection and reproduction.
- Nuclear Membrane: Encloses the nucleus, protecting it and regulating the exchange of molecules (e.g., mRNA).
- Nucleolus: Contains RNA genes and proteins necessary for ribosome assembly; it exports components for protein synthesis.
Organelles
- Mitochondria: Produce ATP as the primary energy source and contain their own DNA, believed to be remnants of engulfed bacteria.
- Vacuoles and Vesicles: Membrane-bound structures that store water, nutrients, and waste. Plant cells typically have larger vacuoles for water storage.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum:
- Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes; synthesizes lipids and phospholipids crucial for cell membranes.
- Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes; synthesizes and transports proteins to the Golgi apparatus for secretion.
Golgi Apparatus
- Function: Modifies and processes proteins from the ER by adding sugar or phosphate groups for proper functioning, sorting them for specific cellular destinations.
Lysosomes and Centrioles
- Lysosomes: Vesicles filled with digestive enzymes that break down waste and process nutrients from food.
- Centrioles: Cylindrical structures made of microtubules essential for organizing chromosome movement during cell division.
Cilia and Other Structures
- Cilia: Hair-like structures composed of microtubules that assist in cell movement and create currents in surrounding fluids.
Plant Cell Exclusives
- Chloroplasts: Organelles that perform photosynthesis, converting sunlight into glucose and containing chlorophyll.
- Plastids: Organelles with specific functions in plant cells (e.g., storing pigments); chloroplasts are a type of plastid.
- Cell Wall: Provides protection and structural support, located outside the cell membrane.
Common Cell Components
- Cell Membrane: Regulates the entry and exit of substances, utilizing transport proteins for larger molecules and charged ions.
- Growth: Refers to cell maturation and development or an increase in cell number.
- Response to Stimuli: Cells react to environmental changes, aided by structures like cilia and flagella for movement.
- Reproduction: Involves nuclear division and DNA replication; eukaryotic cells use pili for sexual reproduction.
Microscopy Techniques
- Cell Drawing: Use a pencil for clear, sharp lines; no overlaps; and a ruler for labeling.
- Immunofluorescence: Effective in locating cellular molecules.
- Freeze-Fracture Electron Microscopy: Best for studying membrane internal structures.
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy (Cryo-EM): Allows viewing of delicate proteins by rapidly freezing samples and reconstructing 3D images from 2D electron beam images.
Types of Microscopes
- Light Microscopes: Can visualize live specimens, provide color images, and have a resolution limit of 0.0002 mm.
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Electron Microscopes: High resolution (up to 0.000001 mm) but only for dead specimens, producing black and white images. Includes:
- Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM): High-resolution of objects.
- Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM): Creates 3D images with colorization for enhanced detail.
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Description
This quiz explores the unique structures of bacterial cells, including the fluid nature of their DNA, flagella for movement, and pili for attachment. Test your knowledge on the characteristics that differentiate bacteria from other cells. Perfect for biology enthusiasts or students!
