Bacteria and Archaea Quiz
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Questions and Answers

A bacterium that stains pink after a Gram stain is likely to have which of the following characteristics?

  • A thick peptidoglycan layer and stains blue.
  • A thick peptidoglycan layer and high antibiotic resistance.
  • A thin peptidoglycan layer and a toxic outer membrane. (correct)
  • No peptidoglycan layer and low antibiotic resistance.

    • What is taxis, in the context of bacterial movement?

  • The movement of bacteria towards a chemical stimulus
  • The transfer of DNA between bacteria via a virus
  • The process of bacteria dividing into two daughter cells
  • The ability to move toward or away from a stimulus (correct)

    • Which of the following describes a system with multiple interacting parts that would not function if one part was removed?

  • Transformation
  • Chemotaxis
  • Binary Fission
  • Irreducible complexity (correct)

    • A bacterium acquires new DNA directly from its environment. What term describes this mechanism of genetic transfer?

    <p>Transformation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An organism that utilizes light for energy and requires organic nutrients for its carbon source is classified as a:

    <p>Photoheterotroph (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An obligate anaerobe would thrive in which environment?

    <p>A deep ocean environment with no oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as Rhizobium, are categorized under which group of proteobacteria?

    <p>Alpha Proteobacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key role of metabolic cooperation in biofilms?

    <p>To create diverse environments that enhance survival (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial group is characterized by its unique predatory behavior and role in sulfate reduction?

    <p>Delta Proteobacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of bacteria is known for surviving only within animal cells to acquire ATP?

    <p>Chlamydias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Spirochetes that allows them to move?

    <p>Rotating, internal flagellum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of Archaea are known for producing methane as a waste product?

    <p>Methanogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ecological interaction describes a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is neither harmed nor helped?

    <p>Commensalism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique feature is characteristic of Euglenozoans?

    <p>Spiral or crystalline rod inside their flagella (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of protists is known for having a 'glass like' wall made of silicon dioxide?

    <p>Diatoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the toxic red tides caused by rapid multiplication of certain protists?

    <p>Dinoflagellate blooms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protist group uses cilia for movement and feeding, and also possesses large macronuclei and small micronuclei?

    <p>Ciliates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these protists uses pseudopodia to engulf smaller microorganisms via phagocytosis?

    <p>Radiolarians (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of protists is characterized by having lobe or tube-shaped pseudopodia?

    <p>Tubulinids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of haustoria in fungi?

    <p>To penetrate the tissues of their host (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a unique characteristic of chytrids?

    <p>They possess flagellated spores (zoospores) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of phycoerythrin in red algae?

    <p>It masks the green color of chlorophyll (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fungi group is most closely associated with mutualistic relationships with plant roots, forming arbuscular mycorrhizae?

    <p>Glomeromycetes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between plasmodial and cellular slime molds?

    <p>Plasmodial slime molds are single-celled, while cellular slime molds form multicellular aggregates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus?

    <p>Lichen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of conidia in the reproduction of Ascomycetes?

    <p>They are used for asexual reproduction via spores at the tip of specialized hyphae. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of endophytes in fungus-plant mutualism?

    <p>They produce toxins that deter herbivores and pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural component is found in the cell wall of fungi?

    <p>Chitin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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    Flashcards

    Gram Stain

    A method to differentiate bacteria based on cell wall composition.

    Gram Positive

    Bacteria with thick peptidoglycan layers that stain blue or purple.

    Gram Negative

    Bacteria with a thin peptidoglycan layer and a toxic outer membrane that stain red or pink.

    Motility

    The ability of an organism to move toward or away from stimulus.

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    Chemotaxis

    Movement of an organism toward or away from a chemical stimulus.

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    Genetic Recombination

    The process of transferring genetic material between organisms, including transformation, transduction, and conjugation.

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    Obligate Aerobes

    Organisms that require oxygen for cellular respiration.

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    Facultative Anaerobes

    Organisms that can survive with or without oxygen.

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    Epsilon Proteobacteria

    Bacteria often found in animal GI tracts, known for their association with animals.

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    Chlamydia

    Bacteria that survive only in animal cells and can cause diseases like blindness.

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    Extreme Thermophiles

    Archaea that thrive in very hot environments, such as hot springs.

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    Mutualism

    An ecological interaction where both organisms benefit from their relationship.

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    Exotoxins

    Toxins secreted by bacteria that cause diseases in hosts.

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    Stramenopiles

    A diverse group of protists with hairy and smooth flagella, including diatoms.

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    Alternation of generations

    A life cycle pattern involving alternating between multicellular haploid and diploid forms.

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    Apicomplexans

    Animal parasites with complex life cycles, often requiring multiple hosts.

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    Diatoms

    Unicellular algae with glass-like silica walls, important for CO2 absorption.

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    Ciliates

    Protists that use cilia for movement and feeding, characterized by two types of nuclei.

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    Dinoflagellates

    Protists known for photosynthesis and their role in coral reefs.

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    Amoebozoans

    Protists with lobe or tube-shaped pseudopodia, including amoebas.

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    Plasmodial Slime Molds

    Single-celled organisms that can form large, multicellular structures.

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    Fungi Nutrition

    Fungi are heterotrophs, living by decomposing others.

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    Mycorrhizae

    Mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots.

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    Ascomycetes

    Fungi producing spores in sac-like structures known as asci.

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    Basidiomycetes

    Fungi that include mushrooms and puffballs, producing spores via basidia.

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    Lichens

    A symbiotic association between fungi and photosynthetic organisms.

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    Ectomycorrhizal Fungi

    Fungi that form sheaths around roots and grow into spaces in root tissues.

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    Study Notes

    Bacteria and Archaea

    • Gram Stain: Gram-positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan and stain blue/purple, while gram-negative bacteria have thin peptidoglycan and a toxic outer membrane, staining red/pink.
    • Motility: Taxis is the ability to move toward or away from a stimulus (chemotaxis is a form of taxis). Irreducible complexity refers to systems where removing one part prevents the system from functioning.
    • F-Factor: Rapid reproduction & mutation are crucial in prokaryotes' adaptation. Prokaryotes adapt quickly due to their short generation time & high mutation rates during binary fission. Genetic recombination (transformation, transduction, & conjugation) facilitate horizontal gene transfer of genetic information.
    • Nutritional Modes: Phototrophs utilize light energy, while chemotrophs harness chemical energy. Autotrophs use CO2 as a carbon source, and heterotrophs rely on organic nutrients.
    • Oxygen Role: Obligate aerobes need oxygen for respiration, obligate anaerobes are poisoned by oxygen, and facultative anaerobes can survive with or without oxygen.

    Prokaryotic Diversity

    • Proteobacteria: Five groups (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Epsilon) with varying ecological roles. Some are involved in nitrogen fixation or other essential biological processes.
    • Bacteria: Four groups (Chlamydia, Spirochetes, Cyanobacteria, and Gram-positive). They display diverse morphologies and play critical roles in various environments.

    Metabolic Cooperation

    • Nitrogen Metabolism: Converts atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3). Exchange metabolic products among different microorganisms, which is important in various ecological processes.
    • Biofilms: Surface coatings that exhibit complex metabolic cooperation. They can impact various processes such as corrosion, disease, and antibiotic resistance.

    Extremophiles

    • Archaea: Extremophiles thrive in extreme environments (extreme halophiles [high salinity], extreme thermophiles [high heat], and methanogens [swamps & marshes]) and exhibit unique characteristics that allow survival in those conditions.

    Domain Comparison

    • Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya: Differences in cellular structures like membrane-enclosed organelles, peptidoglycans in cell walls, and types of lipids are significant distinguishing features across these domains.

    Protists

    • Excavates (Cytoskeleton): Reduced mitochondria (mitosomes or hydrogenosomes) in excavates facilitate anaerobic energy production. Features like two equal sized nuclei and multiple flagella are present in some.
    • Euglenozoans: Contains Kinetoplastids and Euglenids, which have spiral or crystalline rods inside their flagella, a single mitochondrion with accompanying DNA, and either one or two flagella emerging from a pocket on the cell body.
    • Stramenopiles: Often characterized by having hairy flagella. Includes diatoms (glass-like walls of silicon dioxide), golden algae (photosynthetic and mixotrophic unicellular), and brown algae (largest and most complex multicellular algae).
    • Alveolates: Membrane-enclosed sacs located under the plasma membrane of these cells. They involve various species like dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates.
    • Rhizarians: Ameobas, mostly, that spread by means of pseudopodia (lobe-or-tube-shaped). Also includes some with silica-based symmetrical internal skeletons.
    • Unikonts: Transitional lineages, involving ameobozoans (with lobe or tube shaped pseudopodia for obtaining food, like amoeba) and slime molds.
    • Nutrient Acquisition: Various strategies for acquiring nutrients exist for different types of protists.

    Key Protist Groups

    • Amoebozoans: includes slime molds (plasmodial and cellular), and tubulinids.

    Fungi

    • Body Structure: Fungi typically have multicellular hyphae (filaments) that form a network called mycelium. The hyphae consist of chitinous walls.
    • Nutrition: Fungi are heterotrophic, meaning they obtain nutrition from other sources, such as decomposing organisms (decomposers) or living organisms (parasites) or living with another organism in a symbiotic relationship (mutualists).
    • Reproduction: Asexual reproduction is common and involves spores. Sexual reproduction involves two processes: plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm) and karyogamy (fusion of nuclei).
    • Ecological Roles: Fungi play crucial roles in nutrient cycling (decomposition), have relationships with plants (mycorrhizae), and participate in symbiotic relationships with other organisms like photosynthetic microorganisms in lichens.

    Additional Questions from the provided documents (from the last page)

    • Algae Analogous to Plants: Holdfast structures in algae are analogous to roots in plants.
    • Organisms with Silica or Carbonate: Radiolarians are expected to have silicon dioxide structures.
    • Green Algae Characteristics: Cell wall composition is a distinguishing characteristic of green algae, grouping them with plants.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on bacteria and archaea with this quiz that covers topics such as Gram staining, motility, genetic recombination, nutritional modes, and the role of oxygen. Challenge yourself to understand the complexities of these essential microorganisms.

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