Bacteria and Archaea Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a key distinguishing feature between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?

  • The ability to perform photosynthesis.
  • The thickness of the peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall. (correct)
  • The type of flagella they possess.
  • The presence of a nucleus.

    • Which of the following mechanisms is NOT a method of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria?

  • Transduction
  • Transformation
  • Binary fission (correct)
  • Conjugation

    • What is the primary role of the F-factor in bacteria?

  • Providing resistance to antibiotics.
  • Enabling conjugation by transferring genetic material between cells. (correct)
  • Enabling bacterial movement.
  • Facilitating metabolic cooperation.

    • Which nutritional mode is characterized by an organism that can synthesize its own food using energy from the sun?

    <p>Photoautotrophic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of obligate anaerobes?

    <p>Oxygen is toxic to them. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a metabolic feature that is commonly seen with Archaea?

    <p>Chemosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference in membrane lipids between bacteria and archaea?

    <p>Bacteria use unbranched fatty acids, while archaea use branched hydrocarbons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of bacteria contains nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as Rhizobium?

    <p>Alpha Proteobacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial group includes species known for forming fruiting bodies?

    <p>Delta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pairing correctly matches a bacterial group with a characteristic?

    <p>Cyanobacteria: Oxygen production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of extremophile is most likely to be found in a hot spring?

    <p>Thermophile (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best represents a mutualistic relationship?

    <p>Gut bacteria aiding in human digestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of protists is characterized by glass-like silica cell walls?

    <p>Diatoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protist group contains species known for causing red tides and bioluminescence?

    <p>Dinoflagellates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature is shared by both brown algae and land plants?

    <p>Holdfast, stipe, and blade (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of nutrient acquisition for fungi?

    <p>Extracellular digestion and absorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Zygomycetes?

    <p>Fast-growing molds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fungal phylum includes the commonly known as mushrooms?

    <p>Basidiomycetes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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    Flashcards

    Gamma Bacteria

    Pathogens including Salmonella and E.coli.

    Chlamydias

    Intracellular parasites like Chlamydia.

    Spirochetes

    Spiral-shaped bacteria, e.g., Borrelia causing Lyme disease.

    Mutualism

    Both species benefit from the interaction.

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    Euglenids

    Mixotrophic protists with eyespots for light detection.

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    Diatoms

    Glass-like silica cell wall, important ocean producers.

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    Apicomplexans

    Parasitic protists that invade host cells, including Plasmodium.

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    Mycelium

    Network of hyphae in fungi that absorbs nutrients.

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    Zygomycetes

    Fast-growing molds, part of fungal phyla.

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    Karyogamy

    Fusion of nuclei during fungal sexual reproduction.

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    Prokaryotes

    Single-celled organisms without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

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    Gram Stain

    A technique to classify bacteria into Gram-positive (purple) and Gram-negative (pink) based on cell wall structure.

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    Motility

    Ability of bacteria to move, often through structures like flagella.

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    Irreducible Complexity

    A concept that complex structures could not evolve in simple steps; challenged by evolutionary biology.

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    F-Factor

    A plasmid that enables bacterial conjugation, allowing genetic material transfer.

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    Nutritional Modes

    Ways bacteria obtain energy: autotrophic (self-synthesized), heterotrophic (from others), and mixotrophs (both).

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    Oxygen Roles

    Classes of bacteria based on oxygen requirement: obligate aerobes (need oxygen), obligate anaerobes (toxic), and facultative anaerobes (optional).

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    Archaea vs. Bacteria

    Differences include cell wall composition, membrane lipids, RNA polymerase types, and living environments.

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    Study Notes

    Bacteria and Archaea

    • Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
    • Bacteria and Archaea are distinct domains, differing in genetics, biochemistry, and cell structure.
    • Gram stain classifies bacteria based on peptidoglycan layer thickness (Gram-positive vs. Gram-negative).
    • Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane, potentially contributing to antibiotic resistance.
    • Bacteria use flagella (various structures) for motility, along with gliding and twitching.
    • Irreducible complexity, a concept in intelligent design, posits that complex structures couldn't evolve incrementally. Evolutionary biology explains this by co-opting pre-existing proteins.
    • The F-factor (fertility factor) is a plasmid enabling bacterial conjugation (genetic transfer between cells).
    • Bacteria acquire new genes through transformation, transduction, and conjugation.
    • Autotrophic bacteria synthesize their own food (e.g., photosynthesis in cyanobacteria).
    • Heterotrophic bacteria obtain organic molecules from other organisms (e.g., decomposers).
    • Mixotrophs can switch between autotrophy and heterotrophy.
    • Oxygen requirements vary: obligate aerobes require oxygen, obligate anaerobes are harmed by oxygen, and facultative anaerobes can survive with or without it.
    • Prokaryotes cooperate in biofilms and nitrogen-fixing colonies (heterocysts).
    • Bacteria exhibit vast genetic and metabolic diversity.
    • Key differences between Bacteria vs. Archaea: cell walls (peptidoglycan vs. diverse lipids), membrane lipids (unbranched fatty acids vs. branched hydrocarbons), and RNA polymerase (single, simple vs. more similar to eukaryotic).
    • Archaea are frequently found in extreme environments, whereas bacteria are more prevalent.

    Proteobacteria (5 Groups)

    • Alpha: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., Rhizobium).
    • Beta: Includes Nitrosomonas (nitrogen cycle).
    • Gamma: Includes pathogens like Salmonella and E. coli.
    • Delta: Includes myxobacteria, forming fruiting bodies.
    • Epsilon: Contains Helicobacter pylori (ulcers).

    Other Bacterial Groups

    • Chlamydias: Intracellular parasites.
    • Spirochetes: Spiral-shaped bacteria (e.g., Lyme disease).
    • Cyanobacteria: Photosynthetic, oxygen-producing bacteria.
    • Gram-positive bacteria: Include Streptococcus and Staphylococcus.

    Extremophiles (Archaea)

    • Thermophiles: Thrive in heat.
    • Halophiles: Thrive in salt.
    • Methanogens: Produce methane.

    Ecological Interactions

    • Mutualism: Both species benefit (e.g., gut bacteria & humans).
    • Commensalism: One benefits, the other is unaffected.
    • Parasitism: One benefits, the other is harmed.

    Protists

    • Protists are mostly unicellular, eukaryotic organisms.
    • Four supergroups: Excavata, SAR, Rhizaria, and Unikonta.

    Excavata (Diplomonads & Parabasalids, Euglenozoans)

    • Lack mitochondria, anaerobic (e.g., Giardia).
    • Kinetoplastids: Single large mitochondrion; some parasitic (e.g., Trypanosoma).
    • Euglenids: Mixotrophs, eye spot for light detection.

    SAR Supergroup (Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizarians)

    • Stramenopiles:
      • Diatoms: Glass-like silica walls, major producers.
      • Golden algae: Photosynthetic, some mixotrophic.
      • Brown algae: Multicellular, kelp, alternation of generations.
    • Alveolates:
      • Dinoflagellates: Red tides, bioluminescence.
      • Apicomplexans: Parasitic, including Plasmodium (malaria).
      • Ciliates: Cilia for movement and feeding (e.g., Paramecium).
    • Rhizarians:
      • Radiolarians: Silica skeletons, pseudopodia.
      • Forams: Calcium carbonate shells, marine sediment.
      • Cercozoans: Amoeboid, some photosynthetic.

    Nutrient Acquisition (Protists)

    • Apicomplexans: Parasitic, invade host cells.
    • Mixotrophs: Photosynthesis and heterotrophy.
    • Dinoflagellates: Photosynthetic (some heterotrophic).
    • Entamoebas: Parasitic amoebas, causing diseases.

    Structural/Anatomical Components (Protists)

    • Examples include silica-based walls (diatoms), calcium carbonate shells (foraminiferans), cilia coverings (ciliates), and flagella (dinoflagellates). Brown algae have holdfast, stipe, and blade components.

    Red & Green Algae

    • Red algae: Deep water, phycoerythrin pigment.
    • Green algae: Closely related to land plants.

    Unikonts

    • Includes animals, fungi, amoebozoans, and slime molds. Amoebozoans have lobe-shaped pseudopodia. Slime molds have fungus-like characteristics.

    Fungi

    • Heterotrophic decomposers, absorbing nutrients via extracellular digestion.
    • Composed of hyphae (filamentous structures) forming a mycelium.
    • Reproduction: sexual (plasmogamy, karyogamy) and asexual (spore formation).
    • Fungal Phyla:
      • Chytrids: Aquatic, flagellated spores.
      • Zygomycetes: Fast-growing molds.
      • Glomeromycetes: Mycorrhizal symbionts.
      • Ascomycetes: Sac fungi (e.g., yeast, truffles).
      • Basidiomycetes: Club fungi (e.g., mushrooms).

    Ecological Roles (Fungi)

    • Decomposers: Breakdown organic matter.
    • Mutualists: Mycorrhizae (fungi + plant roots).
    • Pathogens: Fungal diseases in plants and animals.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental differences between Bacteria and Archaea, including their cellular structures and methods of motility. This quiz covers key concepts like Gram staining, irreducible complexity, and genetic transfer methods in prokaryotes. Test your knowledge on how these single-celled organisms contribute to ecology and health.

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