Superficial Back & Shoulders
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What is the floor of the suboccipital triangle?

  • Spinous process of the axis (C2)
  • Semispinalis capitis
  • Obliquus capitis Superioris
  • Posterior atlantooccipital membrane (correct)

    • Which muscle is responsible for rotating the atlas (and therefore the head) to the same side?

  • Rectus capitis posterior minor
  • Obliquus capitis inferior (correct)
  • Rectus capitis posterior major
  • Obliquus capitis superior

    • Which muscle is responsible for extending the head?

  • Obliquus capitis superior
  • Rectus capitis posterior major (correct)
  • All of the above
  • Rectus capitis posterior minor

    • What is the name of the musculotendinous cuff formed by the tendons of the Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, and Subscapularis muscles?

    <p>Rotator cuff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for laterally bending the head to the same side?

    <p>Obliquus capitis superior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical importance of the suboccipital triangle?

    <p>It contains the vertebral artery and the dorsal rami of C1 (suboccipital nerve).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for retracting and rotating the scapula to tilt the glenoid cavity inferiorly?

    <p>Rhomboid major</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle elevates ribs 2-5?

    <p>Serratus posterior superior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle extends, adducts, and medially rotates the humerus?

    <p>Latissimus dorsi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The muscle that elevates and rotates the scapula downward to fix it against the thorax is:

    <p>Levator scapulae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle laterally flexes and rotates the head and neck to the same side?

    <p>Splenius capitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle group is known as the deep intrinsic muscles of the back?

    <p>Erector spinae, Semispinalis, Rotatores longi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prime function of the rotator cuff muscles?

    <p>Stabilizing the shoulder joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the rotator cuff is most commonly torn?

    <p>Supraspinatus tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can a torn rotator cuff potentially lead to?

    <p>Dislocation of the shoulder joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the subacromial bursa located?

    <p>Between Supraspinatus tendon and acromion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common condition associated with calcium deposits in the Supraspinatus tendon?

    <p>Calcific tendonitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the innervation of the Supraspinatus muscle?

    <p>Suprascapular nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about myotomes is correct?

    <p>A myotome is a group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve derived from the same embryological segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct definition of a dermatome?

    <p>A dermatome is an area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between extrinsic and intrinsic back muscles?

    <p>Extrinsic back muscles are superficial, while intrinsic back muscles are deep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the rotator cuff is correct?

    <p>The rotator cuff is a group of muscles responsible for the rotation of the shoulder joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle group is best developed in both the lumbar and cervical regions, but not the thoracic region?

    <p>Intertransversarii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the levator costarum muscles during unilateral contraction?

    <p>Elevate the ribs, assisting inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle group is deep to the semispinalis and arises from the transverse processes, inserting into the spinous processes 2-4 segments above its origin?

    <p>Multifidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During bilateral contraction, which muscle group primarily extends the vertebral column?

    <p>Both rotatores breves and rotatores longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle group connects the apices of adjacent spinous processes and is best developed in the cervical region?

    <p>Interspinales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the rotatores breves muscles during unilateral contraction?

    <p>Rotate the neck and trunk to the opposite side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each superficial back muscle to its origin/ insertion

    <p>LATISSIMUS DORSI = O: SP T7-T12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, ribs 10-12/ I: Floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus LEVATOR SCAPULAE = O: TP C1-C4/ I: Superior angle of scapula RHOMBOID MAJOR = O: SP T2-T5/ I: Medial border of scapula below spine Trapezius = O:Superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, SP C7-T12/ I:Lateral one-third of the clavicle and acromion and spine of scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each superficial back muscle to its origin/ insertion

    <p>SERRATUS POSTERIOR SUPERIOR = O: SP C7-T3/ I: Superior borders of ribs 2-5 lateral to their angles SERRATUS POSTERIOR INFERIOR = O: SP T11-L2/ I:Inferior border of ribs 9-12 lateral to their angles N/A = N/A RHOMBOID MINOR = O:Ligamentum nuchae, SP C7-T1/ I: Medial border of scapula at spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each superficial back muscle to its action

    <p>TRAPEZIUS = Elevates scapula, retracts (adducts) scapula, depresses scapula, rotates the scapula upward, stabilizes scapula LATISSIMUS DORSI = Extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus LEVATOR SCAPULAE = Elevates and rotates scapula downward, fixes scapula against thorax RHOMBOID MAJOR/RHOMBOID MINOR = Retracts and rotates the scapula to tilt the glenoid cavity inferiorly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each extrinsic back muscle to its action

    <p>SERRATUS POSTERIOR SUPERIOR = Elevates ribs 2-5 SERRATUS POSTERIOR INFERIOR = Depresses ribs 9-12 N/A = N/A N/A = N/A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each extrinsic back muscle to its innervation

    <p>TRAPEZIUS = Spinal accessory n. (CN XI)/ Ventral rami of C3 and C4 LATISSIMUS DORSI = Thoracodorsal n. (also middle subscapular n. ) LEVATOR SCAPULAE/RHOMBOID MAJOR/RHOMBOID MINOR = Dorsal scapular n. SERRATUS POSTERIOR INFERIOR = Anterior rami T9-T12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each intrinsic back muscle to its origin/ insertion

    <p>SPLENIUS CERVICIS = O: Spinous processes of T3- T6/ I:TP C1-C4 Erector Spinae (Spinalis, Longissimus, Iliocostalis) Origin = O: Median sacral crest, posterior surface sacrum, SP L and lower T, medial part of iliac crest Erector Spinae (Spinalis, Longissimus, Iliocostalis) = I (Spinalis): SP of T and C; I (Longissimus):Between tubercles and angles of ribs and TP of T and C; I (Iliocostalis):Angles of lower ribs and TP of C SPLENIUS CAPITIS = O: Ligamentum nuchae, SP C7-T4/ I:Mastoid process, lateral one-third of superior nuchal line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each intrinsic muscle of the back to its action

    <p>SPLENIUS CERVICIS = Unilateral-laterally flexes and rotates the head to same side Bilateral-extends head and neck Erector Spinae (Spinalis, Longissimus, Iliocostalis) = Unilateral-laterally flexes VT to same side Bilateral-extends VT and head, stabilizes VT N/A = N/A SPLENIUS CAPITIS = Unilateral-laterally flexes and rotates the head and neck to same side Bilateral-extends head and neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each intrinsic muscle of the back to its innervation

    <p>SPLENIUS CAPITIS = Posterior rami of middle cervical region SPLENIUS CERVICIS = Posterior rami of lower cervical region Erector Spinae (Spinalis, Longissimus, Iliocostalis) = Posterior rami of lower cervical nerves N/A = N/A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each suboccipital triangle muscle to its origin/ insertion

    <p>RECTUS CAPITIS POSTERIOR MAJOR = O:Spinous process of the axis (C2)/ I:Occipital bone just inferior to the inferior nuchal line Occipital bone just inferior to the inferior nuchal line RECTUS CAPITIS POSTERIOR MINOR = O: Posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of the atlas (C1)/ I: Occipital bone just inferior to the inferior nuchal line and medial to Rectus capitis posterior major OBLIQUUS CAPITIS INFERIOR = O: Spinous process of the axis (C2)/ I:Tip of the transverse process of the atlas (C1) OBLIQUUS CAPITIS SUPERIOR = O:Tip of the transverse process of the atlas (C1)/ I: Occipital bone between the inferior and superior nuchal lines, superficial and superior to the insertion of Rectus capitis posterior major</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each suboccipital triangle muscle with its action

    <p>RECTUS CAPITIS POSTERIOR MINOR = Extends head OBLIQUUS CAPITIS INFERIOR = Rotates atlas (therefore, the head) on the same side OBLIQUUS CAPITIS SUPERIOR = Unilateral Contraction: Laterally bends head to the same side Bilateral Contraction: Extends head RECTUS CAPITIS POSTERIOR MAJOR = Unilateral Contraction: Rotates the head to the ipsilateral side Bilateral Contraction: Extends the head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each rotator cuff muscle to its origin/ insertion

    <p>SUPRASPINATUS = O: Supraspinous fossa of the scapula/ I:Superior facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus INFRASPINATUS = O: Infraspinous fossa of the scapula/ I:Middle facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus TERES MINOR = O: Lateral border of the scapula/ I: Inferior facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus SUBSCAPULARIS = O: Subscapular fossa/ I: Lesser tubercle of the humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Suboccipital Triangle

    • Boundaries: Superior (Rectus capitis posterior major), Medially (Rectus capitis posterior major), Superior and Laterally (Obliquus capitis superior), Inferior and Laterally (Obliquus capitis inferior)
    • Floor: Posterior atlantooccipital membrane and posterior arch of the atlas (C1)
    • Roof: Semispinalis capitis
    • Contains: Vertebral artery and dorsal rami of C1 (suboccipital nerve)

    Muscles of the Suboccipital Triangle

    • Rectus capitis posterior major:
      • Origin: Spinous process of the axis (C2)
      • Insertion: Occipital bone just inferior to the inferior nuchal line
      • Actions: Unilateral contraction: Rotates the head to the ipsilateral side; Bilateral contraction: Extends the head
      • Innervation: Dorsal rami of C1 (suboccipital nerve)
    • Rectus capitis posterior minor:
      • Origin: Posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of the atlas (C1)
      • Insertion: Occipital bone just inferior to the inferior nuchal line and medial to Rectus capitis posterior major
      • Actions: Extends the head
      • Innervation: Dorsal rami of C1 (suboccipital nerve)
    • Obliquus capitis inferior:
      • Origin: Spinous process of the axis (C2)
      • Insertion: Tip of the transverse process of the atlas (C1)
      • Actions: Rotates the atlas (therefore, the head) on the same side
      • Innervation: Dorsal rami of C1 (suboccipital nerve)
    • Obliquus capitis superior:
      • Origin: Tip of the transverse process of the atlas (C1)
      • Insertion: Occipital bone between the inferior and superior nuchal lines, superficial and superior to the insertion of Rectus capitis posterior major
      • Actions: Unilateral contraction: Laterally bends the head to the same side; Bilateral contraction: Extends the head
      • Innervation: Dorsal rami of C1 (suboccipital nerve)

    Rotator (Musculotendinous) Cuff

    • Formed by the tendons of the Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, and Subscapularis (SITS) muscles
    • Innervation: Ventral rami of C3 and C4
    • Function: Stabilizes the shoulder joint and holds the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity

    Intrinsic Muscles of the Back

    • Superficial and Intermediate Group:
      • Erector Spinae (Spinalis, Longissimus, Iliocostalis)
        • Origin: Median sacral crest, posterior surface of the sacrum, and SP of L and lower T
        • Insertion: Between tubercles and angles of ribs and TP of T and C
        • Actions: Extends, rotates, and stabilizes the vertebral column
        • Innervation: Posterior rami of lower cervical nerves
      • Spleinus capitis:
        • Origin: Ligamentum nuchae, SP C7-T4
        • Insertion: Mastoid process, lateral one-third of superior nuchal line
        • Actions: Unilateral contraction: Laterally flexes and rotates the head and neck to the same side; Bilateral contraction: Extends the head and neck
        • Innervation: Posterior rami of middle cervical region
      • Spleinus cervicis:
        • Origin: SP C1-C4
        • Insertion: TP C1-C4
        • Actions: Unilateral contraction: Laterally flexes and rotates the head and neck to the same side; Bilateral contraction: Extends the head and neck
        • Innervation: Posterior rami of lower cervical region
    • Deep Group:
      • Semispinalis:
        • Origin: Deep to erector spinae
        • Insertion: Semispinalis thoracis, cervicis, capitis
        • Actions: Extends and rotates the vertebral column
      • Rotatores:
        • Long rotators (11 pairs):
          • Origin: Transverse processes
          • Insertion: Spinous processes two vertebrae above
          • Actions: Rotate the vertebral column
        • Short rotators (11 pairs):
          • Origin: Transverse processes
          • Insertion: Spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
          • Actions: Rotate the vertebral column
      • Multifidus:
        • Origin: Transverse processes
        • Insertion: Spinous processes 2-4 segments above
        • Actions: Unilateral contraction: Rotates the neck and trunk to the opposite side; Bilateral contraction: Extends the vertebral column

    Fascia of the Back

    • Superficial layer:
      • Divided into two layers: a superficial layer and a deep layer
    • Deep layer:
      • Thoracolumbar fascia
      • Found in the thoracic region

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the learning objectives of the Back & Shoulder Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM) program. Questions cover topics like extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the back, dermatome, myotome, cutaneous innervation, and more.

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