Animal Medicine 1 - Exam 1

Which type of the following tubes or associated devices is designed specifically for use in birds and reptiles

When the oxygen tank is half full, the tank pressure gauge will read approximately

Oxygen is present in a compressed gas cylinder as a:

The amount of oxygen an animal is receiving is indicated by the:

Which of the following does not contribute to mechanical dead space

Flowmeters that have a ball for reading the gauge should be read from the __________ of the ball

Which of the following oxygen flow rates are within the recommended ranges for a 25kg dog on a partial rebreathing system when you wish to increase anesthetic depth and when you wish to maintain to increase anesthetic depth and when you wish to maintain the current anesthetic depth, respectively?

Which of the following parts of an anesthetic machine is specifically designed to increase the ease with which manual ventilation can be provided

The minimum size for the reservoir bag can be calculated as

The unidirectional valves on an anesthetic machine help to"

The APL valve is the part of the anesthetic machine that helps to:

In small animal anesthesia, when the pt is bagged, the pressure manometer reading should not exceed:

Rebreathing systems, when used with standard small-animal corrugated breathing tubes, are best reserved for animals weighing more than:

When using a rebreathing system, the amount of the expired gases that are rebreather is determined primarily by the:

Mapleson D, E, and F nonrebreathing systems should have maintenance flow rates that are:

The negative pressure relief valve is partially important when:

The tidal volume of an anesthetized animal is considered to be approximately ___ mL/kg of body weight

Physiologic dead space in an anesthetized patient is usually in the range of:

A scavenging system is generally attached to

A reservoir bag that is not moving well may indicate

Which of the following signs indicate that the granules in the carbon dioxide absorber have been depleted

In a pt with normal respiratory rate and tidal volume, an increase in the depth of anesthesia can be achieved quickly by

The concentration of anesthetic delivered from a compensated precision vaporizer may be affected by the:

According to the CDC guidelines for equipment disinfection and sterilization, which of the following pieces of anesthetic equipment is/are considered semicritical items consequently should be treated using a high level disinfectant

When an anesthetic machine is operating correctly, the pressure in the machine are always

Which of the following examples of species associate is not correct

You are evaluating a patients LOC and find the patient in a sleeplike state, nonresponsive to a verbal stimulus but arousable by painful, the patient is

Which of the following fasting times is least advisable

Using a prescribed fluid administration rate of 5 mL/kg/h for the first hour of anesthesia and a microdrip administration set with a delivery rate of 15gtt/mL, a 53lb pt would require which of the following infusion and drip rates

The fluid type most appropriate to replace moderate losses from dehydration would be

Which of the following is not a crystalloid solution

Which of the following figures represents a fluid infusion rate as defined in this chapter (chapter 2)

The delivery rate of a microdrip administration set is:

Regarding fluid infusion rates, which of the following is true

Which of the following heart rhythms is not normal in a resting horse

A drug-induced state of calm in which the pt is reluctant to move and is aware but unconcerned about its surroundings

The term regional anesthesia refers to

A sleeplike state from which the patient can be aroused with sufficient stimulation

The term balanced anesthesia refers to

Which of the following professional organizations offers credentialing to veterinary technicians and nurses in the practice of anesthesia and analgesia

With sufficient stimulation, a patient can be aroused from

Which of the following statements about the anxiolytics trazodone and gabapentin is incorrect

A neuroleptanalgesic is a combination of

Dogs with an MDRI (ABCB1 - 1 delta) gene mutation have increased sensitivity to which of the following drugs

Most preanesthetic will not cross the placental barrier

It is recommended that atropine not be given to an animal that has tachycardia

High doses of opioids can cause tachycardia and respiratory depression

One of the disadvantages of the drug alfaxalone is the animals that are anesthetized with it may demonstrate excitement during recovery

Which of the following is used in the preanesthetic period to reduce perioperative nausea and vomiting

Anticholinergic drugs such as atropine block the release of acetylcholine at the

Severe bradycardia caused by dexmedetomidine is best treated with

Which one of the following drugs will precipitate when mixed with most other drugs or solutions

Which of the following signs is not characteristic of dissociative anesthesia

Etomidate is particularly well suited for induction of dogs with which of the following conditions

Compared with methoxyflurane, isoflurane is considered to have a:

Use of an anesthetic agent that has low blood-gas partition coefficient will result in ____ induction and recovery time

Which of the following has the lower blood-gas partition coefficient

As a rough guideline, to maintain surgical anesthesia safely, the vaporizer should be set at about

Propofol sometimes causes transient apnea. To avoid this, the anesthetist should :

One problem associated with recovery from tiletamine-zolazepam in dogs is

The concentration of propofol entering the brain is affected by a variety of factors such as:

Which of the following drugs is/are not full opioid agonists

Effects that are commonly seen after administration of a dissociative include

Adverse effects common with isoflurane include

Which of the following are alpha-2 agonists

Effects that atropine may have on the body include

When using commonly accepted doses, which of the following IV induction agents or combinations would be expected to depress respiratory function

The plane of anesthesia most suitable for surgical procedures occurs during

Breath holding, vocalization, and involuntary movement of the limbs are most likely an indication that the animal is in what stage or plane of anesthesia ?

Anatomic dead space is considered to include:

The minimum acceptable heart rate for an anesthetized large breed dog is _____ BPM

Which of the following rhythms seen on an ECG tracing of a canine patient is generally most dangerous and requires immediate intervention ?

In general, a respiratory rate of less than ____breaths/min in an anesthetized dog should be reported to the veterinarian

A plethysmograph is a monitoring parameter that is displayed on some pulse oximeters. The plethysmograph is displayed as a waveform that helps the anesthetist determine if:

Tachypnea is an increase in respiratory rate

An animal that has been anesthetized will often have :

A 20kg dog has been anesthetized by mask induction with isoflurane, and after intubation, is maintained of 2% isoflurane with a flow rate of 2L/min of oxygen. The heart rate is 80 bpm, respiratory rate is 4 breaths/min and shallow, the jaw tone is fully relaxed, pupils are dilated, and all reflexes are absent. This animal is most likely in what stage of anesthesia

An end-tidal CO2 monitor can be used to detect each of the following except one. Which one cannot be determined with the monitoring device

Pulse oximetry allows accurate estimation of :

During anesthesia, a mean arterial blood pressure of less than 60mmHg in a dog or a cat indicates

The most accurate way to determine core body temperature in a German shepherd is by

A pulse oximeter reading of 89% indicates

An ETco2 level of 65 would commonly be caused by :

Regarding oxygen transport

Which of the following statements about body temperature is/are correct

For a patient that is in light stage III anesthesia, which of the following monitoring parameters may change in response to surgical stimulation (making a surgical incision or pulling on viscera)

When maintaining a patient with a halogenated inhalant anesthetic, which of the following changes in monitoring parameters are expected to occur as anesthetic depth increases

Which of the following statements about nystagmus as a monitoring tool is/are accurate

The AHAA and ACVAA monitoring guidelines recommend that heart rate, respiratory rate, mucous membrane color, capillary refill, and body temperature should be monitored on all patients. They also recommend monitoring of additional parameters that can only be measured by mechanical means. Which of the following parameters on this list ?

Pale mucous membranes commonly indicate :

An animal under surgical stage III anesthesia would exhibit which of the following signs

Refers to the respiratory passages in the animals body through which the gases move(including bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, & nasal cavity)

Refers to parts of the anesthetic equipment through which that gases travel from the oxygen source to the pts body

When more dead space is present less oxygen is available to the body and less carbon dioxide is eliminated

When more dead space is present more oxygen is available to the body and more carbon dioxide is eliminated

The ET tube should be

Used to induce general anesthesia in small pts that are feral, vicious or intractable, or that cannot be handled without undue stress

Function is to deliver precise amounts of oxygen and volatile anesthetic under controlled conditions to pts undergoing general anesthesia

Supplies carrier gases (oxygen and medical air or nitrous oxide)

Vaporizes liquid inhalant anesthetic and mixes it with the carrier gases

Conveys the carrier gas and inhalant anesthetic to the pt and removed exhaled carbon dioxide

Disposes of excess and waste anesthetic gases

anesthetized pts breathing room air often have lower tissue oxygen concentration because most anesthetics decrease both respiratory rate and tidal volume

anesthetized pts breathing room air often have higher tissue oxygen concentration because most anesthetics increase both respiratory rate and tidal volume

The volume in liters of oxygen present in a compressed tank cylinder can be calculated by

If a bottle of liquid inhalant anesthetic accidentally breaks, vacate the room immediately and allow the room to air out until the anesthetic is completely evaporated and evacuated from the room

The point of exit of anesthetic gases from the breathing circuit

Main function is to allow excess carrier and anesthetic gases to exit from the breathing system and enter the scavenger system

Which of the following are functions that the reservoir bag serves

Marks the border between stages I and II

Marks the border between stages II and III

Marks stage IV

Characterized by fear, disorientation, and struggling

The excitement stage, the pt loses voluntary control and breathing becomes irregular. Characterized by involuntary reactions in the form of vocalizing, struggling, chewing, or paddling

Characterized by progressive muscle relaxation, decreasing HR, RR, and loss of reflexes. Pupils gradually dilate, tear production decreases, PLR is lost

Expected responses - behavior

First waveform, precedes contraction of the atria

Represents the time required for the impulse to move from the sinoatrial node to the Purkinje fibers

Represents contraction of the ventricles. Measures from the point that it leaves the baseline to point that it returns to the baseline

Represents depolarization of the ventricles in preparation for the next contraction

Expected responses of selected monitoring parameters - respiration

Main indicator used to determine when it is safe to remove the ET tube

When would pedal reflex be an important indicative of anesthetic depth

Present in light and surgical planes, lost when anesthetic depth is excessive, unreliable in small animals, used primarily to tell when large animal pts are anesthetized too deeply

Strong in cats, pigs, & small ruminants

Constriction of pupils in response to shining a bright light onto one of the retinas. Gradually diminishes with increasing anesthetic depth and should be present in light stage III and surgical anesthesia but is lost during deep stage III anesthesia

Blink in response to in response to shining a bright light onto the retinas. Lost very early

Vital signs - HR

Vital signs - respiratory

Anesthetist can usually differentiate SA from an abnormal rhythm by listening for the cyclic decrease in rate during expiration and increase in rate during inspiration that is characteristic of SA

Recording standard ECG tracing

Prolonged CRT indicates that tissues in area tested have reduced blood perfusion. This may be a result of vasoconstriction caused by epinephrine release. Poor perfusion may also be a result of low BP caused by anesthetic drugs including

Blood Pressure

BP

When BP is measured the width of the cuff should be _______ to circumference of the extremity and the cuff should be placed firmly but not too tightly over the peripheral artery. The cuff should be wrapped more tightly in large animals than in small animals and should ideally be at the same horizontal plane as the heart

Measures the amount of CO2 in the air that is breathed in and out of the paint

Blood CO2 levels are determined by

Effective interpretation of the capnograph requires evaluation of

Tx for sinus bradycardia

Tx of sinus tachycardia

Most common tx for Ventricular Premature Complexes