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Questions and Answers
What type of medicinal system is mentioned alongside Ayurveda?
What type of medicinal system is mentioned alongside Ayurveda?
What year is associated with the origin of Riveda and Ayurveda?
What year is associated with the origin of Riveda and Ayurveda?
Who was allowed to collect the plant materials according to the text?
Who was allowed to collect the plant materials according to the text?
What was primarily contained in Riveda and Ayurveda?
What was primarily contained in Riveda and Ayurveda?
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What is a significant characteristic of the person collecting plant materials?
What is a significant characteristic of the person collecting plant materials?
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Which of the following plants is classified based on its seed morphology?
Which of the following plants is classified based on its seed morphology?
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What type of morphological classification does Opium exemplify?
What type of morphological classification does Opium exemplify?
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Which plant is associated with bark morphological classification?
Which plant is associated with bark morphological classification?
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Which type of plant classification categorizes drugs by their main constituents?
Which type of plant classification categorizes drugs by their main constituents?
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Gum as a form of morphological classification is represented by which of the following?
Gum as a form of morphological classification is represented by which of the following?
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Which type of materials constitutes the 'Egyptian pharmacopeia' from an animal origin?
Which type of materials constitutes the 'Egyptian pharmacopeia' from an animal origin?
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How many primary materials are described in the ancient Egyptian pharmacopeia?
How many primary materials are described in the ancient Egyptian pharmacopeia?
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Which of the following is NOT part of the animal-origin materials in the Egyptian pharmacopeia?
Which of the following is NOT part of the animal-origin materials in the Egyptian pharmacopeia?
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Which category of materials is mentioned as vegetable origin in the context of the Egyptian pharmacopeia?
Which category of materials is mentioned as vegetable origin in the context of the Egyptian pharmacopeia?
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What is one primary purpose of the materials listed in the Egyptian pharmacopeia?
What is one primary purpose of the materials listed in the Egyptian pharmacopeia?
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What languages are included in the Egyptian Pharmacopoea 1984 for the names of drugs?
What languages are included in the Egyptian Pharmacopoea 1984 for the names of drugs?
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Which additional languages are sometimes included for synonyms in the Egyptian Pharmacopoea 1984?
Which additional languages are sometimes included for synonyms in the Egyptian Pharmacopoea 1984?
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What is the primary focus of the names provided in the Egyptian Pharmacopoea 1984?
What is the primary focus of the names provided in the Egyptian Pharmacopoea 1984?
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In addition to the main languages, what type of nomenclature does the Egyptian Pharmacopoea 1984 offer?
In addition to the main languages, what type of nomenclature does the Egyptian Pharmacopoea 1984 offer?
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What year was the Egyptian Pharmacopoea published that provides drug names in multiple languages?
What year was the Egyptian Pharmacopoea published that provides drug names in multiple languages?
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What term is used to describe plants that are native to their growing regions?
What term is used to describe plants that are native to their growing regions?
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Which plant is specifically mentioned as indigenous to the mountainous regions of Europe?
Which plant is specifically mentioned as indigenous to the mountainous regions of Europe?
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Which of the following plants is recognized as indigenous to India?
Which of the following plants is recognized as indigenous to India?
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What is a characteristic of plants like Hyoscyamus muticus?
What is a characteristic of plants like Hyoscyamus muticus?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the listed plants?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the listed plants?
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How do rainfall patterns influence plant growth?
How do rainfall patterns influence plant growth?
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What factors affect the efficiency of water use in plants?
What factors affect the efficiency of water use in plants?
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What role does transpiration play for plants?
What role does transpiration play for plants?
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Which statement best describes the relationship between water use and vegetation in different regions?
Which statement best describes the relationship between water use and vegetation in different regions?
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What primarily influences the vegetation patterns observed in an area?
What primarily influences the vegetation patterns observed in an area?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course: PHARMACOGNOSY I
- Course Code: PPC (101c)
- Year Level: 1st Year Students (Clinical)
Theoretical Syllabus
- Week 1 (1/10/2024): Registration, General Introduction to Pharmacognosy, Crude Drugs, Natural Products, Cultivation, Environmental Conditions, Regulators, Collection and Drying of Crude Drugs
- Week 2 (8/10/2024): Changes during Drying, Packing, Preservation, Different Types of Drug Adulteration, Detection, Secondary Plant Metabolites
- Week 3 (15/10/2024): Potato, Rice, Wheat, Maize Starches, Dusting Powders, Kieselguhr, Talc, Kaolin, Bentonite, Sulfur, Chalk, Mixtures
- Week 4 (22/10/2024): Introduction of Leaves, Senna, Digitalis
- Week 5 (29/10/2024): Solanaceous leaves (Belladonna, Datura, Hyoscyamus, Henna, Guava, eucalyptus, Buchu)
- Week 6 (5/11/2024): Seeds (Linseed, Foenugreek, Strophanthus, Nuxvomica, Cardamom, Colchicum, Nutmeg, Black Mustard, Calabar Beans, Nigella, Coffee Beans, Datura stramonium seed)
- Week 7 (12/11/2024): Seeds Continued
- Week 8 (19/11/2024): Flowers (Clove, Compositae Flowers, Pyrethrum, Santonica, Calendula, Safflower, Arnica)
- Week 9 (26/11/2024): Midterm Exam
- Week 10 (3/12/2024): Flowers Continued, Lavender, Hibiscus, Saffron, Corn Silk, Red Rose, Crataegi, Tilia
- Week 11 (10/12/2024): Bark (Cinchona, Cinnamon, Cassia, Cascara, Frangula, Quillaia, Pomegranate, Galls)
- Week 12 (17/12/2024): Wood (Quassia, Guaiacum, Sandalwood)
- Week 13 (24/12/2024): Introduction to Bark, Wood Continued
Definition of Pharmacognosy
- Branch of pharmaceutical science studying medicinal/crude drugs from natural sources (plants, animals, minerals, marine sources, microorganisms).
- Includes history, methods of cultivation/collection, physical/chemical/structural, characters, processing, preservation and uses of crude drugs.
History of Pharmacognosy
- Primitive man: knew edible/poisonous plants and used plants as spices/condiments.
- Strophanthus seeds: used as arrow poison.
- Priest-physicians and herbalists: learned about plant's medicinal properties through trial and error.
- Folk medicine emerged using knowledge of crude drugs.
Ancient Egyptian Period
- 400 primary materials: described in papyrus pharmacopeia.
- Animal origin: blood, meat, milk, honey, excreta
- Plant origin: aloes, gum, poppy, pomegranate, coriander, cumin, palms, onion, anise, grapes, melon, castor
- Plant organs: roots, rhizomes, flowers, leaves, fruits, seeds, oils, ashes
- Application forms: powders, pills, suppositories, creams, cakes, pastes, ointments
Babylonian Period (Laws of Hamorabi 772 B.C.)
- Mainly vegetable origin.
- 250 plant materials, 180 animal materials known to the Egyptians.
- No quantities given in Babylonian formulas.
- Drugs applied as decoctions, usually administered before sunrise.
- Mixed with honey, water, oil or wine.
Old Indian Medicine
- "Riveda", "Ayurveda" (2000 B.C.): contained sacred medicinal plants.
- Collection done only by innocent, pure, religious people.
- Fresh plants were considered the most effective.
- Famous Indian drugs: Sandalwood, Clove, Pepper, Cardamom, Caraway, Ginger, Benzoin, Cannabis, Castor oil, Sesame oil, Aloes.
Old Chinese Medicine
- Combined acupuncture with herbal medicine.
- "Pen Ts'ao Kang Moa" (1000 B.C.): included an incredible number of medicinal plants and drugs of animal origin.
- High regard for: Ginseng, Rhubarb, Ephedra, Star Anise, Pomegranate, Aconite, Opium.
The Greek & Romans
- Pythagoras (560 B.C.): used drugs, including mustard and squill.
- Hippocrates (466 B.C.): familiar with many drugs, including writings (Corpus Hipocraticum 460 B.C.).
- Dioscorides: first to document 5000 medicinal plants (Greek Herbal of Dioscorides).
- Pliny: author of natural history, lived around the same time as Dioscorides.
- Galen (134-200 A.C.): physician; Galenical preparations attributed to him.
Islamic Contributions
- Beginning of chemistry derived from Arabic word "Kemia", including alcohol and alkali.
- Added numerous new plants and medicaments.
- Pharmacy reached high reputation becoming an independent branch of medicine.
- First pharmacy was known in Baghdad as "Sandalia".
- Famous figure: Rhazey (850-932 A.C.): director of Baghdad hospital.
- Another important figure: Ibn Al-Baitar: renowned pharmacognosist and botanist.
- Sheikh Dawood El-Antaki: book "Tazkaret Uli Al-Albab" describing many herbs, animal and mineral drugs.
Crude Drugs
- Harvested, usually dried plant or animal sources with pharmaceutical/medicinal properties.
- Form the subject matter of pharmacognosy.
- Previously termed "Simple Drugs" - not compounded/mixed.
Examples of Crude Drugs
- Entire plants/animals (Mentha, Lobelia, Cantharidis, Thyme, Colocynth)
- Entire organs (Senna, Clove, Fennel, Linseed, Cinchona, Liquorice, Thyroid gland)
- Minerals (chalk, kaolin, talc)
- Other categories (surgical fibers, fabrics, substances like agar, gelatin, wax, insecticides/pesticides like derris and pyrethrum).
Classification of Crude Drugs
- Alphabetical classification (Latin/English names)
- Taxonomic classification (using botanical systems)
- Morphological classification (based on plant part characteristics). Organized and unorganized.
- Chemical classification (based on constituents e.g. volatile oils, glycosides, alkaloids)
- Pharmacological classification (based on pharmacological action)
Official and Unofficial Drugs
- Official drugs: listed and described in a pharmacopeia, governed by quality/purity/strength standards.
- Unofficial drugs: used in practice but not in pharmacopeia and not governed by those standards.
- Egyptian pharmacopoeia: first appeared in English in 1953, and Arabic in 1961.
Description of Individual Drugs
- Origin (biological, geographical, history/name)
- Cultivation/preparation (methods, collection, drying, packing, treatment)
- Characters (physical, sensory/histolgical, colours, odor, taste)
Constituents & Tests
- Constituents: reputed active constituents and reserve food materials, chemical identity tests
- Adulterants: materials added fraudulently or associated with drugs due to carelessness. Evaluation of physical/chemical properties
- Uses: application in medicine
Origin of Drugs
- Natural/biological (source of drug) - if plant it is botanical origin, from animal then it would be from zoological origin.
- Commercial origin
The Binomial System
- Swedish biologist Linnaeus developed this system.
- First name is the genus (capitalized), second is the species (capitalized if named after a person).
- The specific name usually describes characteristics.
Geographical Sources of Drugs
- Region where plants/animals grow.
- Indigenous plants/animals native to that region.
- Regions yielding various medicinal plants/animals like: mountainous regions of Europe, Egypt, India, Mediterranean, tropics, subtropics, East Indies, Central Europe, North & Central America.
Medicinal plants and environment
- Water: crucial for cell function, biological reactions and plant growth.
- Temperature: affects growth rates, Optimum temperature zones for specific plants
- Time of day (Diurnal): important for growth development, optimum temperatures for growth are different between day and night.
- Altitude: affects temperature conditions and growth of plants
Production of Crude Drugs
- Involves cultivation, collection, drying, packing and preservation.
Cultivation of Medicinal Plants
- Wild-growing, cultivated.
- Indigenous (native) to certain regions, naturalized when growing in foreign/other places.
Collection Disadvantages
- Sparse distribution, difficulty in collection/transport.
- Excessive collection could lead to extinction/inadequate yield.
- Adulteration from collectors mixing undesirable plants/parts.
Collection Advantages
- Concentration, simplified collection, control of quality, ensures regular supply (often sufficient for market)
- Improved cultivation practices (treatment, fertilizer use, essential elements, pest control)
Other Notes
- Important figure's names and dates are included
- Specific drugs are mentioned including various origins (eg Egypt, India).
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Description
Test your knowledge on Ayurveda and Riveda, including their origins, the key figures involved in collecting plant materials, and the primary contents of these medicinal systems. This quiz will challenge your understanding of these ancient practices and their historical significance.
