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Epaxial Structures
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Epaxial Structures

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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of epaxial muscles?

  • Extension of the vertebral column (correct)
  • Rotation of the vertebral column
  • Flexion of the vertebral column
  • Stabilization of the limbs

    • Which muscle is NOT part of the iliocostalis system?

  • Iliocostalis cervicis
  • Iliocostalis thoracis
  • Longissimus cervicis (correct)
  • Iliocostalis lumborum

    • What is the ventral boundary of the external jugular vein?

  • Sternocephalicus muscle (correct)
  • Brachiocephalicus muscle
  • Splenius muscle
  • Serratus dorsalis cranialis muscle

    • Which of the following muscles is NOT involved in inspiration?

    <p>Transverse thoracis muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dorsal boundary of the external jugular vein?

    <p>Brachiocephalicus muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle system is innervated by the dorsal branch of spinal nerves?

    <p>Epaxial muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the muscles of expiration?

    <p>Breathing out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of the epaxial muscles?

    <p>Serratus dorsalis cranialis muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of the splenius muscle?

    <p>Extending the neck and raising the head; unilaterally draws the head and neck laterally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles courses from T4-T2 to the caudal aspect of the skull?

    <p>Semispinalis capitis biventer cervicis muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common action of the semispinalis capitis muscles?

    <p>Extending the neck and raising the head; unilaterally draws the head and neck laterally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of hypaxial muscle?

    <p>Back muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the innervation of the neck hypaxial muscles?

    <p>Ventral branches of the cervical spinal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is NOT a neck hypaxial muscle?

    <p>Scalenus muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general action of the hypaxial muscles?

    <p>Flexing the vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a subcategory of hypaxial muscles?

    <p>Sublumbar muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the iliocostalis system in relation to the vertebral column?

    <p>Fixation of the vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of the iliocostalis system when one side of the muscle contracts?

    <p>Lateral movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the iliocostalis system in respiration?

    <p>Aids in expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the longissimus system in relation to the iliocostalis system?

    <p>Medial to the iliocostalis system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of the longissimus system?

    <p>Extension and flexion of the vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is part of the transversospinalis system?

    <p>Splenius muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the splenius muscle originate from?

    <p>T2-T3 spinous processes and median raphe of the neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the splenius muscle?

    <p>Triangular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is located along the ventral vertebral bodies from C6 to the skull?

    <p>Longus capitis muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dorsal boundary of the cervical visceral space composed of?

    <p>Longus capitus and longus colli muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve provides motor innervation to the Cleidocephalicus and Trapezius muscles?

    <p>Accessory nerve (cranial nerve 11)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is part of the cervical viscera?

    <p>Recurrent laryngeal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is composed of the common carotid artery, vagosympathetic trunk, and internal jugular vein?

    <p>Carotid sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve provides sensory innervation from the cranioventral part of the neck?

    <p>Transverse cervical (colli) nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the neck hypaxial muscles?

    <p>Flexing the atlanto-occipital joint and drawing the neck downward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is located along the ventral vertebral bodies from T6 to C1 (atlas)?

    <p>Longus colli muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the letter to the correct term.

    <p>B = Hypaxial muscles Free match 1 = Free match 1 Free match 2 = Free match 2 A = Epaxial muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the number to the correct term.

    <p>1 = Iliocostalis thoracis 2 = Iliocostalis lumborum Free match 1 = Free match 1 Free match 2 = Free match 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the number to the correct term, in regards to epaxial muscles.

    <p>3 = Longissimus thoracis et lumborum 4 = Longissimus system 1 = Longissimus capitis 2 = Longissimus cervicis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the letter to the correct term, in regards to epaxial muscles.

    <p>A = Transversospinalis system B = Semispinalis capitis muscle C = Semispinalis capitis biventer cervicis muscle D = Semispinalis capitis complexus muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What muscle is represented by number 1 in this image?

    <p>Splenius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the number to the correct term, in regards to epaxial muscles.

    <p>2 = Semispinalis capitis complexus Free match 1 = Free match 1 Free match 2 = Free match 2 1 = Semispinalis capitis biventer cervicis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the letter to the correct term, in regards to hypaxial muscles.

    <p>A = Longus capitis B = Sternothyroideus C = Sternohyoideus D = External intercostal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the number to the correct term, in regards to hypaxial muscles.

    <p>E = Rectus abdominis F = Internal abdominal oblique G = Pelvic outlet muscles H = Ventral tail muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the number to the correct term, in regards to cervical hypaxial muscles.

    <p>1 = Sternohyoideus muscle 2 = Longus colli and capitis muscles 3 = Longus capitis muscle 4 = Longus colli muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the letter to the correct term, in regards to cervical viscera.

    <p>A = Thyroid and parathyroid glands B = Recurrent laryngeal nerves C = Vagosympathetic trunk D = Esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the letter to the correct term, in regards to cervical viscera.

    <p>F = Internal jugular vein G = Trachea E = Common carotid artery Free match = Free match</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is being represented by letter "A" in this image?

    <p>External jugular vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is being represented by number 1 in this image?

    <p>Accessory nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the number to the correct term, in regards to cervical nerves.

    <p>1 = Great auricular nerve 2 = Transverse cervical (colli) nerve 3 = Ventral branch of C2 spinal nerve Free match = Free match</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Axial Structures: General Info

    • Axial muscles encompass muscles of the trunk and neck.
    • Axial muscles can be epaxial or hypaxial.

    Axial Muscles: External Jugular Vein

    • The external jugular vein has a dorsal and ventral boundary.
    • Dorsal boundary: Brachiocephalicus (cleidocephalicus muscle - cervical part).
    • Ventral boundary: Sternocephalicus muscle.

    Muscles of Inspiration and Expiration

    • Muscles of inspiration: Diaphragm, serratus dorsalis cranialis, scalenus, and rectus thoracis muscles.
    • Inspiration involves breathing in.
    • Muscles of expiration: Serratus dorsalis caudalis, transverse thoracis, abdominal muscles, and iliocostalis (epaxial) muscles.
    • Expiration involves breathing out.

    Epaxial Muscles: General Info

    • Epaxial muscles lie dorsal to the transverse processes of the vertebra.
    • They act as extensors of the vertebral column (neck, trunk, tail).
    • Epaxial muscles produce lateral movements when acting on one side and stabilize the vertebral column.
    • Epaxial muscles are innervated by the dorsal branch of spinal nerves.
    • The 3 systems of epaxial muscles include: iliocostalis, longissimus, and transversospinalis systems.

    Epaxial Muscles: Iliocostalis System

    • Iliocostalis system is the most lateral epaxial muscle system.
    • It courses between the ilium and the C7 vertebra.
    • Iliocostalis system consists of iliocostalis lumborum and iliocostalis thoracis muscles.
    • Actions: fixation of the vertebral column, lateral movement, and aids in expiration by pulling ribs caudally.

    Epaxial Muscles: Longissimus System

    • Longissimus system is located medial to the iliocostalis system.
    • It extends from the ilium to the head (mastoid process of the skull).
    • Longissimus system consists of longissimus thoracis et lumborum, longissimus cervicis, and longissimus capitis muscles.
    • Action: extension and flexion of the vertebral column.

    Epaxial Muscles: Transversospinalis System

    • Transversospinalis system is the most medial epaxial muscle system.
    • It courses between the sacrum and the head.
    • Muscles of the transversospinalis system include: splenius, semispinalis capitis biventer cervicis, and semispinalis capitis complexus muscles.
    • Actions: extension and flexion of the vertebral column, lateral movement, and raises the head.

    Hypaxial Muscles: General Info

    • Hypaxial muscles lie ventral to the transverse processes of the vertebra.
    • They act as flexors of the vertebral column.
    • Hypaxial muscles include cervical, thoracic, and abdominal muscles.

    Hypaxial Muscles: Neck Muscles

    • Neck muscles: longus capitus, longus coli, and sternocleidomastoid muscles.
    • Actions: flexing the atlanto-occipital joint, and drawing the neck downward.

    Cervical Viscera

    • Cervical viscera is composed of the trachea, esophagus, thyroid, and parathyroid glands.
    • Ventral boundary: Sternocephalicus, sternohyoideus, and sternothyroideus muscles.
    • Dorsal boundary: Longus capitus, and longus colli muscles.

    Major Cervical (Region) Nerves

    • Accessory nerve (cranial nerve 11) provides motor innervation to cleidocephalicus, omotransversarius, sternocleidomastoid, and trapezius muscles.
    • Second cervical spinal nerve (C2), ventral branch: Great auricular nerve (sensory innervation) and Transverse cervical (colli) nerve (sensory innervation).

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    Related Documents

    3- Epaxial Structures.docx

    Description

    Learn about the muscles of the trunk and neck, including epaxial and hypaxial muscles, and their boundaries. Test your knowledge of the muscles of inspiration and more.

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