Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the primary curvatures of the vertebral column?
What are the primary curvatures of the vertebral column?
- Thoracic and sacral curvatures
- Cervical and coccygeal curvatures
- Thoracic and pelvic curvatures (correct)
- Cervical and lumbar curvatures
What is the main function of intervertebral discs?
What is the main function of intervertebral discs?
- Provide stability between vertebrae
- Protect the spinal cord
- Enhance spinal flexibility and absorb shock (correct)
- Support the skull
Which group of vertebrae is found in the lower back?
Which group of vertebrae is found in the lower back?
- Thoracic vertebrae
- Cervical vertebrae
- Coccygeal vertebrae
- Lumbar vertebrae (correct)
At which age does the vertebral column start to develop its S-shape?
At which age does the vertebral column start to develop its S-shape?
What is the anatomical term for the mass of spongy bone in a vertebra?
What is the anatomical term for the mass of spongy bone in a vertebra?
Which abnormal curvature of the spine is characterized by a lateral deviation?
Which abnormal curvature of the spine is characterized by a lateral deviation?
Which vertebrae are located at the base of the spine?
Which vertebrae are located at the base of the spine?
What happens to intervertebral discs when they are under stress, such as lifting a heavy weight?
What happens to intervertebral discs when they are under stress, such as lifting a heavy weight?
What is the primary function of the cervical vertebrae?
What is the primary function of the cervical vertebrae?
What distinguishes the lumbar vertebrae from the other vertebral categories?
What distinguishes the lumbar vertebrae from the other vertebral categories?
At what age do the sacral vertebrae typically fuse into a single bony plate known as the sacrum?
At what age do the sacral vertebrae typically fuse into a single bony plate known as the sacrum?
What does the pelvic girdle primarily enclose and protect?
What does the pelvic girdle primarily enclose and protect?
Which component separates the greater pelvis from the lesser pelvis?
Which component separates the greater pelvis from the lesser pelvis?
Which vertebrae are unique in having transverse foramina?
Which vertebrae are unique in having transverse foramina?
What term describes the entry into the lesser pelvis through which an infant’s head passes during birth?
What term describes the entry into the lesser pelvis through which an infant’s head passes during birth?
How many pairs of ribs are associated with the thoracic vertebrae?
How many pairs of ribs are associated with the thoracic vertebrae?
What is the lower margin of the lesser pelvis referred to as?
What is the lower margin of the lesser pelvis referred to as?
What anatomical feature distinguishes the male pelvis from the female pelvis?
What anatomical feature distinguishes the male pelvis from the female pelvis?
How many pairs of ribs are in the human thoracic cage?
How many pairs of ribs are in the human thoracic cage?
Which of the following describes false ribs?
Which of the following describes false ribs?
What is the largest cavity in the skull and its volume?
What is the largest cavity in the skull and its volume?
Which part of the sternum is also known as the handle?
Which part of the sternum is also known as the handle?
What comprises the neurocranium?
What comprises the neurocranium?
What feature is found in the occipital bone?
What feature is found in the occipital bone?
Which bones form the calvaria of the skull?
Which bones form the calvaria of the skull?
Which cranial fossa is shallow and accommodates the frontal lobes of the brain?
Which cranial fossa is shallow and accommodates the frontal lobes of the brain?
What does the temporal bone articulate with?
What does the temporal bone articulate with?
Which sinuses lighten the anterior portion of the skull?
Which sinuses lighten the anterior portion of the skull?
What type of joints appear as seams on the cranial surface?
What type of joints appear as seams on the cranial surface?
Flashcards
Axial Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
Part of the skeleton containing the cranium, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
Vertebral Column
Vertebral Column
A chain of vertebrae supporting the skull and trunk, protecting the spinal cord, and allowing movement.
Vertebrae Groups
Vertebrae Groups
The vertebral column is divided into Cervical(7), Thoracic(12), Lumbar(5), Sacral(5 fused), and Coccygeal (4 fused) vertebrae.
Intervertebral Discs
Intervertebral Discs
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Vertebral Body
Vertebral Body
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Vertebral Foramen
Vertebral Foramen
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Vertebral Arch
Vertebral Arch
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Scoliosis
Scoliosis
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Cervical Vertebrae
Cervical Vertebrae
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Thoracic Vertebrae
Thoracic Vertebrae
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Lumbar Vertebrae
Lumbar Vertebrae
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Sacral Vertebrae Fusion
Sacral Vertebrae Fusion
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Sacrum Function
Sacrum Function
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Pelvic Girdle Structure
Pelvic Girdle Structure
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Greater Pelvis (False)
Greater Pelvis (False)
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Pelvic Brim
Pelvic Brim
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Pelvic Outlet
Pelvic Outlet
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Pelvic Dimorphism
Pelvic Dimorphism
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Thoracic Cage
Thoracic Cage
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Sternum Regions
Sternum Regions
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True Ribs
True Ribs
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False Ribs
False Ribs
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Floating Ribs
Floating Ribs
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Skull Bones
Skull Bones
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Cranial Cavity
Cranial Cavity
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Paranasal Sinuses
Paranasal Sinuses
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Cranial Bones
Cranial Bones
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Foramina
Foramina
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Cranial Fossae
Cranial Fossae
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Neurocranium
Neurocranium
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Splanchnocranium
Splanchnocranium
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Study Notes
Axial Skeleton
- The skeleton is divided into two parts: appendicular and axial.
- Appendicular skeleton includes bones of the upper and lower limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle.
- Axial skeleton includes cranium, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
Vertebral Column
- Physically supports the skull and trunk.
- Allows for movement.
- Protects the spinal cord.
- Absorbs stresses from activities like walking, running, and lifting.
- Provides attachment points for limbs, thoracic cage, and postural muscles.
- Consists of 33 vertebrae (not a single bone).
- Vertebrae are connected by intervertebral discs.
- Vertebral column is S-shaped after 3 years of age.
- 3 primary curvatures: Thoracic and sacral (present at birth).
- 2 secondary curvatures: Cervical and lumbar (develop later).
Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
- Scoliosis: Abnormal lateral deviation.
- Kyphosis: Exaggerated thoracic curvature (common in old age).
- Lordosis: Exaggerated lumbar curvature (common in pregnancy and obesity).
General Structure of a Vertebra
- Vertebral body: Spongy bone, weight-bearing.
- Vertebral foramen: Forms the canal.
- Vertebral arch: Pedicle + lamina.
- Spinous process: Prominent projection.
- Transverse process: Projection between lamina and pedicle.
Intervertebral Discs
- Cartilaginous pads between vertebrae.
- Help bind adjacent vertebrae, enhance spinal flexibility, support body weight, and absorb shock.
- Excessive stress can cause herniated discs.
Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae (C1-C7)
- Relatively small.
- Function to support the head and allow for movement.
- Unique structures for this purpose (transverse foramina) found only in C1 and C2.
- C1 (atlas): Supports head.
- C2 (axis): Rotation point for head.
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)
- Vertebrae that correspond to 12 pairs of ribs.
- Support the thoracic cage enclosing the heart and lungs
Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)
- Five vertebrae
- Thick, stout bodies for bearing upper body weight.
Pelvic Skeleton
- Five sacral vertebrae (S1-S5) fuse around age 16 to 26.
- Sacrum: Forms the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity; protects organs.
- Four (sometimes five) coccygeal vertebrae (Co1-Co5) fuse to form the coccyx around age 20.
Pelvic Girdle (Pelvis)
- Bowl-shaped structure composed of sacrum, coccyx, and two hip bones (coxae).
- Supports the trunk on the lower limbs.
- Encloses and protects the viscera of the pelvic cavity.
- Protects organs (colon, bladder, reproductive organs).
Skull (Cranial Cavity)
- The skull is a complex part of the skeleton.
- The calvaria (skullcap) is not a specific bone but rather parts of multiple cranial bones.
- Comprised of 22 bones.
Skull Cavities
- Cranial cavity: Largest cavity; encloses the brain.
- Orbits (eye sockets)
- Nasal cavity
- Paranasal sinuses
- Oral cavity (mouth/buccal cavity)
- Middle and inner ear cavities
Cranial Fossae
- Anterior cranial fossa: Shallow depression that houses frontal lobes.
- Middle cranial fossa: Deeper depression like bird wings; accommodates temporal lobes.
- Posterior cranial fossa: Deepest fossa; houses cerebellum.
Cranial Bones
- Frontal bone: Forms forehead, articulates with the nasal, maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal, ethmoidal, and sphenoid bones.
- Parietal bone: Forms a large portion of the lateral and superior wall of the skull. Connects with the frontal, occipital, and temporal bones.
- Temporal bone: Houses the external acoustic meatus (ear canal). Articulates with occipital, parietal, sphenoid, zygomatic, and mandible bones and forms the zygomatic arch with the zygomatic bone.
- Occipital bone: Forms base of the skull, includes foramen magnum, articulates with the atlas.
Paranasal Sinuses
- Frontal sinuses, ethmoid sinuses, sphenoid sinuses, and maxillary sinuses.
- Connected to nasal cavity, lined by mucous membrane, and filled with air.
- Lighten the skull and add resonance to the voice.
Foramina
- Openings in the skull that allow passage for nerves and blood vessels.
Meninges
- Three membranes that protect the brain tissue from the cranial bones:
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Pia mater
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Description
Explore the anatomy and functions of the axial skeleton, including the vertebral column and its role in supporting the body. Learn about normal and abnormal spinal curvatures, such as scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis. This quiz will test your knowledge on these crucial aspects of human anatomy.
