Axial Skeleton and Vertebral Column Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What unique feature distinguishes cervical vertebrae from other vertebrae?

  • They possess transverse foramina. (correct)
  • They have a thick, stout body.
  • They support the thoracic cage.
  • They are fused into a single structure.
  • At what age do the sacral vertebrae typically fuse into a single structure?

  • 16 years of age
  • 30 years of age
  • 20 years of age
  • 26 years of age (correct)
  • Which section of the vertebral column has vertebrae that correspond to pairs of ribs?

  • Sacral vertebrae
  • Cervical vertebrae
  • Thoracic vertebrae (correct)
  • Lumbar vertebrae
  • What is the primary function of the lumbar vertebrae?

    <p>Bearing the weight of the upper body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure forms the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity?

    <p>Sacrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the pelvic cavity separated from the lower abdominal cavity?

    <p>By the pelvic brim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the pelvic girdle primarily serve?

    <p>Supporting the trunk on the lower limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the greater pelvis?

    <p>It forms walls of the lower abdominal cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the vertebral column is primarily responsible for absorbing shock?

    <p>Intervertebral discs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many vertebrae constitute the lumbar region of the vertebral column?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which curvature of the vertebral column is considered a primary curvature?

    <p>Thoracic curvature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the feature that distinguishes the cervical vertebrae from other vertebrae?

    <p>They support the skull and allow for head movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by an exaggerated lumbar curvature?

    <p>Lordosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the vertebral canal formed by the vertebral foramina?

    <p>Protection of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups of vertebrae are located at the base of the spine?

    <p>Sacral vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do intervertebral discs play between adjacent vertebrae?

    <p>They bind adjacent vertebrae, enhance flexibility, and absorb shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the lower margin of the lesser pelvis?

    <p>Pelvic outlet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes the female pelvis from the male pelvis?

    <p>Wider pelvic inlet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of ribs are present in the human body?

    <p>12 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ribs are classified as true ribs?

    <p>Ribs 1 to 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the sternum is considered the uppermost region?

    <p>Manubrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the paranasal sinuses?

    <p>To lighten the skull and add resonance to the voice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the largest cavity within the skull?

    <p>Cranial cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joints mostly connect the bones of the skull?

    <p>Suture joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial bone is responsible for housing the pituitary gland?

    <p>Sphenoidal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure allows the passage of the spinal cord into the cranial cavity?

    <p>Foramen magnum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The external acoustic pore is an opening associated with which bone?

    <p>Temporal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the pair of bones that articulate along the midline of the skull?

    <p>Parietal bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cranial fossa accommodates the frontal lobes of the brain?

    <p>Anterior cranial fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone includes the external occipital protuberance?

    <p>Occipital bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Axial Skeleton

    • The skeleton is divided into two parts: appendicular and axial
    • Appendicular skeleton includes bones of the upper and lower limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdles
    • Axial skeleton includes the cranium, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

    Vertebral Column

    • Physically supports the skull and trunk
    • Allows for movement
    • Protects the spinal cord
    • Absorbs stresses from walking, running and lifting
    • Provides attachment for the limbs, thoracic cage and postural muscles
    • Consists of 33 vertebrae
    • Has intervertebral discs
    • Vertebral column is S-shaped
    • Has 4 curves (cervical, thoracic, lumbar and pelvic)
    • Thoracic and pelvic curvatures are primary
    • Cervical and lumbar curvatures are secondary

    Abnormal Spinal Curvatures

    • Scoliosis: Abnormal lateral deviation
    • Kyphosis: Exaggerated thoracic curvature (common in old age)
    • Lordosis: Exaggerated lumbar curvature (common in pregnancy and obesity)

    General Structure of a Vertebra

    • Vertebral body: Spongy bone, weight-bearing part
    • Vertebral foramen: Forms the vertebral canal
    • Vertebral arch: Pedicle + lamina
    • Spinous process: Prominent prominence
    • Transverse process: Protrusion between lamina and pedicle, attachment point for soft tissues

    Intervertebral Discs

    • Cartilaginous pads between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae
    • There are 23 discs
    • Help bind vertebrae, enhance spinal flexibility and support the weight of the body
    • Absorb shock
    • Bulging can occur under stress
    • Excessive stress can cause herniated disc

    Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae (C1-C7)

    • Relatively small
    • Support the head and allow for movement
    • C1 and C2 have unique structures for this purpose
    • Transverse foramina occur only in C1 and C2

    Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)

    • 12 thoracic vertebrae
    • Correspond to 12 pairs of ribs attached to them
    • Support the thoracic cage, enclosing the heart and lungs

    Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)

    • 5 lumbar vertebrae
    • Thick, stout bodies, adapted for bearing weight of upper body

    Pelvic Skeleton

    • Five sacral vertebrae (S1-S5), fuse into a single plate (sacrum) by 26
    • Forms posterior wall of pelvic cavity
    • Four coccygeal vertebrae (Co1-Co5) fuse to form coccyx, and protects pelvic organs
    • Sacrum and Coccyx are 4 bones that form the pelvic girdle

    Pelvic Girdle (Pelvis)

    • Bowl-shaped structure
    • Composed of sacrum, coccyx, and two hip bones (coxae)
    • Ligaments and muscles forming pelvic floor
    • Protects pelvic cavity viscera (mainly lower colon, urinary bladder and reproductive organs)

    Pelvis (continued)

    • Upper part is called greater (false) pelvis
    • Lower part is called lesser (true) pelvis
    • The opening of the lesser pelvis is called pelvic inlet
    • The lower margin of lesser pelvis is called pelvic outlet
    • Pelvis is highly sexually dimorphic (shaped differently in males and females)

    Thoracic Cage

    • Consists of the thoracic vertebrae, sternum and ribs
    • Forms a roughly conical enclosure for the heart, lungs and pectoral girdle

    Sternum

    • Breastbone
    • Bony plate anterior to the heart
    • Subdivided into 3 regions: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

    Ribs

    • 12 pairs of ribs
    • Increase in length from rib 1 to 7, then progressively smaller
    • First 7 ribs are called true ribs - connect to sternum
    • Ribs 8-12 are false ribs - connect in a shared cartilage. Rib 11 and 12 are floating ribs - they do not connect to sternum

    Skull / Cranial Cavity

    • The skull is the most complex part of the skeleton. Consisting of more than 22 bones in most adults..
    • Bones are connected by sutures
    • Two types of bones: (1) neurocranium - surrounding the brain , (2) viscerocranium - form the face

    Skull Cavities

    • Cranial cavity (largest)
    • Orbits (eye sockets)
    • Nasal cavity
    • Paranasal sinuses
    • Oral cavity (mouth)
    • Middle- and inner-ear cavities

    Paranasal Sinuses

    • Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxillary sinuses
    • They lighten skull, add resonance to voice

    Cranial Bones

    • Frontal
    • Parietal
    • Temporal
    • Occipital
    • Sphenoid
    • Ethmoid

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the axial skeleton and vertebral column, including the structure and function of vertebrae, as well as abnormal spinal curvatures like scoliosis and kyphosis. This quiz covers the key concepts of human anatomy related to the skeleton system.

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