Axial Flaps of the Lower Extremity

Which artery anastomoses with the superficial sural artery?

What is the main source of the superficial sural artery?

Which nerve descends between the two heads of the gastrocnemius muscle?

What type of flap was developed based on the conclusions of the anatomic study mentioned?

In which part of the leg does the superficial sural artery give off small branches to the skin?

What structure does the superficial sural artery regularly give off small branches to, while following?

What is the typical origin of the Lateral Calcaneal Artery?

What was the purpose of the surgical debridement with application of skin equivalent graft?

What is the advantage of performing an immediate Split Thickness Skin Graft?

Who originally described the Reverse Sural Artery Flap?

What is the size of the flap raised in the procedure?

What is the purpose of determining the level of calcaneal periosteum during dissection?

What is the main focus of the axial flaps of the lower extremity?

Which of the following is NOT part of the Soft Tissue Reconstructive Ladder for diabetic foot and ankle wounds?

What is an example of a regional axial flap mentioned in the text?

Which treatment is NOT listed as an option available for diabetic foot and ankle wounds?

What is a significant consideration with diabetic foot wounds, according to the text?

Which of the following is NOT a category of wound closure factors mentioned in the text?

What type of muscle flap has one vascular pedicle?

Which muscle flap can be used for foot and small ankle deficits with a dominant proximal pedicle?

Where is the pivot point located in a Type IV muscle flap of the lower leg?

Which muscle type has two major pedicles from separate regional arteries in its muscle flap classification?

What muscle flap is primarily used for defects on the lower leg, ankle, heel, and dorsal foot?

Which type of muscle flap classification is characterized by one dominant pedicle at origin with several smaller secondary pedicles at insertion?

What is the main difference between a peninsular flap and an island flap?

What type of flap has composition that includes muscle, fascia, subcutaneous tissue, and overlying skin?

Which type of flap has blood supply provided by many small unnamed vessels of the subdermal plexus?

What is the key principle that describes a flap as a transfer of tissue with its blood supply?

In soft tissue flap classifications based on composition, which type includes skin, fat, and fascia components?

What distinguishes a free flap from an axial flap?

What is a characteristic of a Type I muscle flap?

What is the primary use of a Type II muscle flap in foot and ankle reconstruction?

What is the characteristic of a regional flap in relation to the defect?

What is the classification of a muscle flap with one dominant pedicle at origin with several smaller secondary pedicles at insertion?

What is an advantage of using local flaps in soft tissue reconstruction?

What is the classification of a muscle flap with segmental minor pedicles along entire length of muscle?

Which type of flap is typically delayed before transfer to allow for neovascularization?

What type of muscle flap has two dominant pedicles from separate regional arteries?

Which intrinsic muscle of the foot is used as a flap in soft tissue reconstruction?

What is the primary classification of muscle flaps based on?

At which step of the Soft Tissue Reconstructive Ladder are local random flaps used?

What is the primary focus of the axial flaps of the lower extremity?

In a soft tissue flap classification based on blood supply, which type of flap has a specific named vessel that enters the base of the flap and runs along its axis?

What is the main principle that describes a flap as a transfer of tissue with its blood supply in the reconstructive ladder?

What type of muscle flap classification has more than one dominant pedicle?

In the classification of soft tissue flaps based on composition, which type includes skin, fat, and fascia components?

What is the purpose of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in the reconstructive ladder?

In the classification of soft tissue flaps based on proximity, which type of flap has the donor tissue adjacent to the recipient site?

What was NOT correlated with the discrepancy or per cent discrepancy of the lower extremities?

For discrepancies of less than 3% of the length of the long extremity, what was NOT associated?

What compensatory strategy was used when the discrepancy exceeded 5.5%?

What was the clinical manifestation when children had less of a discrepancy?

What outcome was observed when a longer extremity performed more mechanical work?

Which factor was associated with discrepancies of less than 3%?

What is the limitation of direct clinical measurement in limb length discrepancy?

What is the purpose of adding a third reference point in clinical examination of limb length discrepancy?

What is the most common compensation for limb length discrepancy?

What is the purpose of radiographic evaluation in limb length discrepancy?

What is the effect of pelvic torsion on limb length discrepancy?

What is the purpose of blocks of a known thickness in clinical examination of limb length discrepancy?

What is the effect of torsion of bones on limb length discrepancy?

What is the purpose of indirect clinical measurement in limb length discrepancy?

What is the significance of ASIS to medial malleolus measurement in clinical examination of limb length discrepancy?

What is the effect of excessive STJ pronation on limb length discrepancy?

What was the average age of the boys and girls in the study?

What was the range of ages in the study?

What was the correlation between the actual discrepancy or the percent discrepancy and the dependent kinematic or kinetic variables?

What was the significance of a discrepancy of 5.5% or more?

What was the compensatory strategy manifested by a discrepancy of 5.5% or more?

What was true about children who had less of a discrepancy?

What is the range of values that constitutes a 'significant LLD'?

In the context of peripheral nerve injuries, which classification system involves a complete transection of the nerve?

Which type of nerve injury involves a temporary loss of function without structural damage to the nerve?

Which classification system categorizes nerve injuries based on the level of functional recovery?

Which nerve injury classification involves a disruption of the axon and its sheath but with preservation of the connective tissue framework within the nerve?

Which nerve injury classification is considered the mildest form, involving a temporary conduction block without structural damage?

Which classification system of nerve injuries focuses on the microscopic anatomy of peripheral nerves?

What does Seddon's classification define as Neuropraxia?

What distinguishes Sunderland's classification of nerve injury from Seddon's classification?

In Axonotmesis as per Seddon's classification, what happens distally in the nerve?

Which of the following is a typical cause of Axonotmesis in Seddon's classification?

According to Seddon's classification, in what state do unaffected supportive structures allow for nerve regeneration?

What defines Neurotmesis in Seddon's classification?

What is the expected outcome for a patient with a 4th degree injury according to Seddon's classification?

In Sunderland's classification, what indicates the level of nerve regeneration in cases of axonotmesis?

What is the main distinguishing factor between a 2nd degree injury and a 3rd degree injury according to Seddon's classification?

What type of injury includes symptoms of muscle weakness, joint dysfunction, neuropathic pain, and restless legs?

According to Seddon's classification, which injury type never shows sensory or motor recovery?

What level of injury results in a total nerve transection according to the descriptions provided?

Which rule emphasizes the importance of treating the more proximal pathology first?

What is the main relationship between the CNS and PNS in terms of mood disorders and neuropathy?

What is the main reason for treating structural and metabolic problems first in peripheral nerve pain?

How do distal neuropathic symptoms usually respond after treating underlying etiology?

What is the primary implication of peripheral nerve release surgery based on the information provided?

What are the components of the peripheral nerve exam and evaluation used for?

What is the main difference between Sunderland's classification and Seddon's classification?

What is the significance of a fourth-degree injury according to Sunderland's classification?

What is the equivalent of Seddon's neurotmesis in Sunderland's classification?

What is the implication of a complete disruption of the nerve and associated connective tissue?

What is the rate of nerve fiber regeneration?

What is the significance of budding neurites in nerve regeneration?

What is the term used to describe a region of localized injury and inflammation in a peripheral nerve caused by mechanical irritation from a neighboring anatomical structure?

What is the classification system developed by H.J. Seddon in 1942 that describes three types of nerve injuries based on the study of 460 cases?

What is the type of nerve injury characterized by a transient block, where the myelin sheath is disrupted, and the nerve can recover in days to months?

What is the term used to describe the degeneration of the distal nerve segment in Axonotmesis?

What is the factor that determines functional recovery in Axonotmesis?

What is the term used to describe the regeneration of new axons in Axonotmesis?

What degree of nerve injury is characterized by a mixed pattern of symptoms including muscle weakness, joint dysfunction, and neuropathic pain?

What is the main symptom associated with a 5th degree nerve injury (Neurotmesis)?

In nerve injuries, what does a positive Babinski sign in adults typically indicate?

What diagnostic test is specifically used to assess large nerve fibers in nerve injuries?

What does a Hautant's test assess in nerve injuries?

What type of nerve injury results in a Tinel's sign progressing to indicate the level of nerve regeneration?

What is the GOLD STANDARD for diagnosing Small Fiber Neuropathy?

Which metabolic change in the peripheral nerves of diabetic patients leads to increased water content within the nerve?

What is a common diagnostic criterion for nerve decompression in diabetic patients?

What symptom may indicate a presentation of anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome?

Which nerve is typically decompressed in cases involving persistent plantar pain and calf tightness?

What clinical manifestation may suggest a common digital nerve entrapment?

What is NOT generally decompressed due to a lack of natural entrapment sites?

For what condition is nerve neurectomy typically NOT needed and should be avoided?

Which technique is recommended to avoid for advanced nerve surgery, unless necessary?

What is the primary classification of muscle flaps based on in the context of nerve compression surgeries?

What is the primary implication of always treating the more proximal pathology first in nerve injury management?

Based on the text, why does the peripheral nervous system affect the central nervous system?

In evaluating peripheral nerve pain, what is the primary focus of identifying indications for decompression surgery?

What is the main implication of identifying the components of the peripheral nerve exam and evaluation in nerve injury management?

Why is it essential to always look up higher to identify the proximal etiology in nerve injuries?

What distinguishes entrapped nerve pain beyond the peripheral system from non-entrapment-related neurologic symptoms?

What is the typical cause of neuropraxia according to Seddon's classification of nerve injury?

Based on Seddon's classification, what happens distally in the nerve in cases of axonotmesis?

What distinguishes neuropraxia from axonotmesis according to Seddon's classification?

Which type of nerve injury, as per Seddon's classification, affects both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers?

In nerve entrapment or injury, functional recovery is most dependent on the proximity of the lesion to which part of the nerve?

Which treatment option is primarily aimed at allowing the nerve to glide and function without inhibition?

Which classification of nerve injury implies complete disruption of a nerve as well as associated connective tissue?

What type of nerve injury is characterized by nerve conduction deficit without axonal interruption?

In Sunderland's classification, which degree of nerve injury involves only the epineurium remaining intact?

Which option is NOT a possible treatment for neurotmesis nerve injury according to the text?

What type of nerve injury in Sunderland's classification involves lesion in the endoneurium with intact epineurium and perineurium?

Which factor determines the rate of axonal regeneration after nerve injury?

What is the main symptom associated with a 6th degree nerve injury (Neuroma in Continuity)?

Which test involves dorsiflexion of the ankle followed by subsequent pulsing of the foot, indicating a positive result?

Which nerve injury classification involves incomplete recovery potentially occurring as Tinel's sign progresses indicating the level of regeneration?

What is the diagnostic criterion for neuropathy involving provocation by Semmes Weinstein monofilament or two-point discrimination?

Which process involves the localization and repair of an entrapped nerve through imaging and diagnostic blocks?

What blood test is NOT part of the standard workup for nerve entrapment syndromes?

Which site is commonly used for a biopsy to diagnose small fiber neuropathy?

What percentage of small fiber neuropathy cases are misdiagnosed or undiagnosed?

What metabolic condition increases water content within peripheral nerves in diabetic patients?

What is a criteria for nerve decompression in diabetic patients?

Which sign indicates the possible need for proximal tibial nerve decompression?

What is a characteristic presentation of superficial peroneal nerve entrapment?

Which nerve may be entrapped due to trauma or surgery, and generally is not decompressed?

What characteristic is often present in anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome?

What is the typical presentation of deep peroneal nerve entrapment?

What response suggests entrapment of the common digital nerve?

What is the primary purpose of a Z-plasty?

What is the percentage increase in length with a 45-degree angle in a Z-plasty?

What is the main difference between a V-Y island flap and a Double V-Y island flap?

What is the primary advantage of synthetic skin substitutes?

What is the role of the Apical Stitch in skin grafting techniques?

What is the main purpose of a V-Y advancement flap?

In skin grafting, which type of graft relies entirely on the recipient site’s blood supply for survival?

What technique has largely replaced skin grafting?

Which of the following is NOT a type of skin grafting mentioned in the text?

What type of flap involves a two-stage process where the donor site is closed initially except for the pedicle?

Which type of graft is transferred from a non-human donor to a human recipient?

What is the primary purpose of using a double rhomboid flap in plastic surgery?

What is the angle of the standard Z-plasty?

Which technique involves the movement of the flap forward with sliding, stretching, and pushing of tissue to cover a defect?

What is the alternative name for Dollar-plasty?

Which technique involves a primary movement that allows rotation at the pivot point to close a rectangular defect?

What feature characterizes a Double V-Y island flap?

Which technique necessitates undermining carried down to the level of subcutaneous fat?

What is the key benefit of providing tension on the incision during surgery?

Why is it advised to make one smooth cut during incision planning?

What is the risk associated with inverted skin margins in skin closure techniques?

Why is everted skin margin positioning preferred during skin closure?

What is the primary objective when placing sutures in plastic surgery?

What is an essential characteristic of a good technique for skin closure?

What accelerates wound healing and increases vascularity, oxygen, and nutrient delivery?

Which type of skin substitute uses fish skin as a biological material?

What characteristic distinguishes Pie Crusting from Meshing skin grafts?

What factor is most likely to lead to a skin graft failure due to poor recipient vascularity?

Which type of skin graft will retract approximately 44% due to the recoil properties of elastin fibers in the dermis?

What can be removed after 3-4 days to place a permanent autograft if it has not progressed adequately?

What skin substitute commonly has a disadvantage of being attached to a pump?

Which dressing applies pressure to reduce fluid accumulation and decrease hematoma and seroma formation?

What technique expands skin grafts to cover larger areas and allows fluid to drain while reducing the chance of hematoma or seroma?

What skin dressing accelerates wound healing by increasing oxygen and nutrient delivery but is disadvantageous due to being attached to a pump?

What does the word 'plastic' in plastic surgery actually mean?

What is the main aim of plastic surgery?

What type of surgery is used to repair and reconstruct missing or damaged tissue and skin?

What is the difference between reconstructive surgery and cosmetic surgery?

What is the primary goal of skin grafting?

What type of skin graft should contain some dermis in order to have viability?

Which part of the skin contains blood vessels, making it crucial for the viability of a skin graft?

What is the main reason for the limited use of Xenograft in skin grafting?

How thick is the intermediate split thickness skin graft in terms of dermis?

What preparation is crucial at the recipient site before applying a skin graft?

What is the optimal bacterial count required per gram of granulation tissue for a successful skin graft?

What is a key characteristic of Limberg rhomboid flap in terms of angles?

What is the primary reliance of a skin graft on for survival?

What differentiates an Autograft from a Xenograft?

What is the characteristic of a two-stage flap in relation to the recipient site?

Which skin substitute has largely replaced skin grafting?

What is a key characteristic of Interpolation Flaps in terms of blood supply?

What procedure involves the severing of the anterior 2/3 of the tendon about 2.5cm proximal to the insertion into the calcaneus with a second incision 6 cm proximal?

Which procedure is commonly used for diabetic forefoot ulcers or TMA to reduce excessive forefoot pressure?

What is the common characteristic of the Sagittal Z-plasty?

Which procedure involves PTAL or TAL at 2 cm, 5 cm, and 8 cm, and is related to the plantaris tendon?

What is a distinguishing feature of the 'triple stab' incision technique?

Which procedure commonly involves a more medial approach in its correction of soft-tissue ankle Equinus Contracture?

What is the primary indication of a gastrocnemius contracture in the Silfverskiold test?

What is the purpose of stabilizing the talonavicular joint and forefoot during the Silfverskiold test?

What is the significance of measuring dorsiflexion with the knee extended in the Silfverskiold test?

What is the implication of equally limited dorsiflexion with the knee flexed and extended in the Silfverskiold test?

What is the clinical significance of the Silfverskiold test in the diagnosis of equinus?

What is the primary advantage of the Silfverskiold test in the diagnosis of equinus?

What is the main composition of the triceps surae muscle?

What is the primary function of the gastrocnemius muscle in relation to the ankle joint?

What surgical procedures are performed to reduce equinus?

What is the common aponeurotic tendon that connects the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles?

What is the term used to describe the limited ankle joint dorsiflexion, resulting in abnormal foot function?

What is the main composition of the triceps surae muscle?

What is the significance of reducing equinus through surgical procedures?

What is the purpose of lengthening the components of the triceps surae muscle?

What is the significance of the common aponeurotic tendon in the triceps surae muscle?

What is the primary goal of surgical procedures to reduce equinus?

What is the significance of the calcaneal tendon in the triceps surae muscle?

What is the primary structural component responsible for a contracture in Equinus?

Which surgical procedure involving the calcaneal tendon is aimed at relieving Equinus symptoms?

What is the common target tendon when considering Equinus surgery?

Which surgical technique specifically involves releasing the Achilles tendon to address Equinus?

What is a common misconception about treating Equinus surgically?

Which muscle is most directly affected by Equinus when considering surgical interventions?

In Equinus, what does the Charger view aim to visualize?

What is the primary concern of casting in a plantarflexed position in Equinus?

What clinical manifestation could indicate Pseudoequinus?

Which equinus type presents with hemophilic equinus and recurrent synovitis as examples?

What common concern arises with Equinus and the common aponeurotic tendon?

What should be considered during surgical procedures to reduce Equinus in relation to the gastrocnemius muscle?