Axentes biolóxicos e infeccións

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Questions and Answers

Cal é unha característica común dos virus?

Son incapaces de causar enfermidades.

Multiplicanse utilizando células vivas. (correct)

Son organismos multicelulares.

Poden vivir en medios sen necesidade dun hóspede.

Que tipo de microorganismos son as bacterias?

Multicelulares que non producen toxinas.

Unicelulares e poden vivir sen un hóspede. (correct)

Unicelulares e sempre causan enfermidades.

Pluricelulares e sempre parasitarios.

Cal é unha das consecuencias da obstrución causada por vermes?

Diminución da temperatura corporal.

Sangrado interno ou apendicite. (correct)

Aumento da presión arterial.

Infección por patóxenos do aire.

Que é unha medida preventiva recomendada no traballo para evitar a transmisión de axentes biolóxicos?

Usar equipos de protección como guantes e máscaras. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Que tipo de microorganismos causan típicamente infecións na pel e os pulmóns?

Fungos. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Que caracteríza os axentes químicos no ámbito laboral?

Poden alterar a saúde dos traballadores. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Cal é a principal función das toxinas secretadas polas bacterias?

Danar tecidos e causar enfermidades. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Que efecto causa un axente químico corrosivo no organismo?

Destrución de tecidos (D) Signup and view all the answers

Cal destas substancias é considerada un asfixiante?

Monóxido de carbono (C) Signup and view all the answers

Que tipo de efecto producen os canceríxenos?

Cáncer (C) Signup and view all the answers

Que medida preventiva se pode aplicar sobre o receptor para protexer contra axentes químicos?

Formación e información (D) Signup and view all the answers

Cal dos seguintes non é un tipo de efecto que producen axentes químicos?

Estimulantes (A) Signup and view all the answers

Que método é efectivo para evitar a exposición a axentes químicos?

Formación do persoal (C) Signup and view all the answers

Que tipo de organismos son os virus?

Seres vivos que necesitan un hóspede para reproducirse. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Os sensibilizantes son coñecidos por producir que tipo de reacción no organismo?

Reaccións alérxicas (C) Signup and view all the answers

Cal das seguintes opcións non é un axente biolóxico?

Sólitos químicos (D) Signup and view all the answers

Cal é a función principal dos sistemas de alarma en relación á seguridade nos lugares de traballo?

Avisar sobre emergencias (B) Signup and view all the answers

Como poden penetrar os axentes biolóxicos no organismo?

Por vía inhalatoria, dixestiva, dérmica e parenteral. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Cal é a principal característica das bacterias?

Son organismos unicelulares que poden vivir de forma independente. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Que pode resultar da adicción ao traballo?

Escasas relacións e malestar intenso. (D) Signup and view all the answers

A cal dos seguintes grupos pertencen os virus?

Agentes biolóxicos. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Que tipo de problemas pode causar un axente biolóxico?

Enfermidades infecciosas ou parasitarias. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Cal das seguintes opcións é un exemplo de vía de penetración de axentes biolóxicos?

Inhalación de partículas nocivas. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biological Agents

Biological agents are living organisms (bacteria, worms) or biological structures (viruses) that cause infectious or parasitic diseases when they enter the body.
Biological agents can enter the body in the same way as chemical contaminants: through inhalation, digestion, skin contact, and parenteral routes.
Examples of biological agents: viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and worms.

Viruses

Viruses are very simple organisms that need a host to reproduce.
Examples of viruses include: flu, typhus, coronavirus, and AIDS.
Viruses invade normal living cells and use them to multiply and produce more viruses like themselves.

Bacteria

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that live in an environment without needing a host.
Examples of bacteria include: tetanus, tuberculosis, and dysentery.
Infectious bacteria multiply rapidly inside the body and can cause diseases.
Many bacteria release chemical substances called toxins that can damage tissues, causing illnesses.

Protozoa

Protozoa are single-celled or multicellular organisms.
Protozoa cause diseases in humans when they become parasites.
Examples: Trypanosoma causes Chagas disease and sleeping sickness, Giardia causes giardiasis, and Plasmodium causes malaria.

Fungi

Fungi are parasitic plant microorganisms that can also live in decomposing organic matter.
Examples of fungi include: ringworm, mycosis, and athlete's foot.
Fungal infections like meningitis and blood infections are less common than skin and lung infections, but they can be deadly.

Worms

Worms can be free-living or parasitic organisms.
Examples of worms include: trematodes and cestodes.
Obstruction can perforate the intestinal wall or appendix, causing internal bleeding (hemorrhage) or appendicitis.
In some cases, worms can block the narrow ducts of the liver or pancreas, causing intense pain.

Prevention of Biological Agents

Transmission of biological agents at work occurs from contact with contaminated people, animals, or objects.
Preventative measures include:
- Not eating, drinking, or smoking in work areas.
- Using protective equipment (gloves and masks).
- Using antiseptic products to clean hands and eyes.
- Written procedures for handling hazardous products.
- Allowing employees ten minutes per work shift for personal hygiene.
- Not mixing work clothes with street clothes.
- Disinfection of work clothes and personal protective equipment by the company.
- Vaccination.

Chemical Agents

Chemical agents are inert matter that can penetrate the body and affect the health of workers when present in the work environment in the form of gases, vapors, aerosols, fibers, dusts, fumes, or mists.
Chemical agents can enter the body through different pathways, such as the skin, respiration, ingestion, or through wounds or cuts, causing health damage when the body absorbs them in certain doses.
Effects of chemical agents on the human body can be:
- Irritants: they cause irritation of the skin or mucous membranes (halogens, ozone, ...).
- Asphyxiants: they prevent or reduce the supply of oxygen to the cells (carbon monoxide, butane, methane, nitrogen, lead...).
- Anesthetics: they displace oxygen. They induce drowsiness, loss of reflexes, and unconsciousness (industrial solvents, acetone, propane...).
- Corrosives: they cause destruction of the tissues on which they act (acids, alkalis...).
- Sensitizers: they cause allergic reactions (formaldehyde, vegetable fibers, wood dust...).
- Carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic: they cause cancer, alterations in the fetus during embryonic development, and hereditary modifications (arsenic, asbestos, benzene, cadmium, nickel, vegetable fibers, wood dust...).
- Systemic: they cause alterations on various organs: central nervous system, kidney (mercury, magnesium, cadmium, manganese, lead and its derivatives...).
- Pneumoconiotic: substances in the form of dust or fumes that act through their accumulation in the lung (silicates, asbestos, asbestos, iron, aluminum...).

Workaholics

Work addiction not only hinders our daily fulfillment but is a potentially dangerous illness, like any addiction.
It's important to distinguish that it's not just about spending a lot of time at work - something many people do - but that "workaholics" make work an escape.
The psychological balance of a person depends, among other factors, on the correct use of their time and a diversification of vital interests.
But today's world is obsessively dominated by work - and the fear of losing it - and the desire for professional success.
Work is so pervasive in the lives of most people that many fear leisure time as if they had to face an existential void.
Most studies maintain that the characteristics of a workaholic, a person with work addiction, can be grouped into the following categories:
- Compulsive tendencies: they work intensely and find it difficult to relax.
- Need to have total control.
- Inability to delegate tasks and work in a team.
- Intense discomfort when they do not obtain the expected performance, do not control the situation or things are not as they expected.
- Few interpersonal relationships with colleagues.
- Self-esteem focused on work and not on the rest of their life.
- They usually score based on how their workday went and on the successes or failures achieved in their job.
- It is not usually recognized by the addict themselves, but rather by the family, due to the excess time they dedicate to work and their compulsivity.
- The time they dedicate to work is taken away from family, which ends up creating a life that is separate from the addict.

Safety and Health Conditions at the Workplace

Royal Decree 486/1997 establishes minimum safety and health conditions at workplaces.
Workplaces are defined as areas where workers perform their job duties, including workplaces, corridors, stairwells, circulation routes, hygienic/sanitary services, dressing rooms, dining rooms, rest areas, and first aid areas.

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Description

Neste cuestionario, explorarás os diferentes axentes biolóxicos que causan enfermidades infecciosas. Aprenderás sobre virus, bacterias e outros organismos que afectan aos seres humanos. Tamén verás como estes axentes entran no corpo e os exemplos máis comúns de cada un.