AWH Chapter 19 Summary and Assessment

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Questions and Answers

How might the phrase 'God, glory, and gold' summarize the Europeans' motives for exploration?

Europeans were motivated to spread Christianity and find new trade items to earn them money, or gold.

How did the Treaty of Tordesillas ease tensions between Spain and Portugal?

The Treaty of Tordesillas was an agreement between Spain and Portugal determining the majority of the Americas to be Spain's and most of the East to be Portugal's.

How were the Dutch able to dominate the Indian Ocean trade?

The Dutch had an East India Company which was very rich and powerful.

How did the arrival of Europeans affect the peoples of the East in general?

Most areas in the East were unaffected by European contact. Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Renaissance play in launching an age of exploration?

The Renaissance sparked the ideas of exploration and discovery. Signup and view all the answers

What was Prince Henry's goal and who actually achieved it?

Prince Henry's goal was to reach the source of the treasures in the East and spread the Christian faith. Signup and view all the answers

What European countries were competing for Asian trade during the age of exploration?

Both Portugal and Spain were battling for dominance over Asian trade. Signup and view all the answers

What do you think the people of other countries thought about China after one of Zheng He's visits?

Zheng He distributed gifts from China to demonstrate Chinese superiority. Signup and view all the answers

Why do you think the kowtow ritual was so important to the Chinese emperor?

The kowtow was a sign of praise towards the Chinese emperor. Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect of the emphasis on tradition in early modern China?

The emphasis on tradition caused many traditions to be preserved for long periods of time. Signup and view all the answers

How did Beijing become the capital of China?

Hongwu's son, Yonglo, moved the royal court to Beijing. Signup and view all the answers

What evidence indicated that China lost interest in contacts abroad after 1433?

Chinese scholar-officials complained that the voyages wasted valuable resources. Signup and view all the answers

What did Christian missionaries bring to China?

They brought Christianity and the knowledge of European science and technology. Signup and view all the answers

How would the 'alternate attendance policy' restrict the daimyo?

The alternate attendance policy stated that daimyo had to spend every other year in the capital. Signup and view all the answers

Why did Europeans want to open trade with Japan?

Europeans wanted to be able to trade for Japan's riches. Signup and view all the answers

What happened during the period of the 'Warring State'?

The period of the 'Warring State' was a time when powerful samurai seized control of old feudal estates. Signup and view all the answers

What was the structure of society in Tokugawa Japan?

The rank went: (1) Emperor, (2) shogun, (3) daimyo, (4) samurai warriors, (5) peasants and artisans, (6) merchants. Signup and view all the answers

What were the new styles of drama, art, and literature in Tokugawa Japan?

Samurai attended ceremonial noh dramas which were based on tragic themes. Signup and view all the answers

What were the two main reasons for European exploration?

Explorers hoped to find new, faster routes to Asia for spices and luxury goods. Signup and view all the answers

How did Spain and Portugal solve their differences over claims to new lands?

They signed the Treaty of Tordesillas which divided the world into two areas. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Dutch and English become Indian Ocean trading powers?

The Dutch and English set up East India Companies to control trade. Signup and view all the answers

How was China influenced by foreigners during the Ming Dynasty?

Confucian ideas shaped Chinese thinking, saying that farming was a better way of life. Signup and view all the answers

Why was trade a problem during the Qing Dynasty?

The Chinese insisted on following specific rules to trade. Signup and view all the answers

Which parts of society improved during this time, and which continued to be the same?

Plays about Chinese history and heroes unified the Chinese people. Signup and view all the answers

Which three leaders helped bring Japan under one rule?

Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu. Signup and view all the answers

What kinds of old and new culture were found in cities?

Traditional culture included ceremonial dramas, stories of ancient warriors, and paintings of classical scenes. Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Japanese seal almost all of their borders?

Japanese didn't like Christian missionaries converting the Japanese and scorning traditional beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

European Motives for Exploration

"God, glory, and gold" encapsulates motivations: spreading Christianity, seeking new trade items, and financial gain.

Treaty of Tordesillas

An agreement that divided the New World between Spain and Portugal, reducing territorial disputes.

Dutch Dominance in Indian Ocean Trade

The Dutch East India Company played a crucial role in establishing dominance by driving out English competitors.

Impact of European Arrival on the East

Overall minimal changes for Eastern societies; introduction of European port cities was a significant outcome.

Renaissance Influence

The Renaissance ignited a spirit of exploration and discovery, motivating Europeans to explore uncharted territories.

Prince Henry's Goals

Aimed to reach Eastern treasures and spread Christianity; Portugal established various trading posts in Africa during his time.

Competition for Asian Trade

Portugal and Spain were the primary European powers vying for trading supremacy in Asia.

Zheng He's Impact on Foreign Perception of China

Zheng He's voyages showcased Chinese wealth and naval strength through distributed gifts, influencing foreign views on China.

Kowtow Ritual Significance

The kowtow served as an act of reverence to the emperor, reinforcing loyalty and authority among subjects.

Tradition in Early Modern China

Strong emphasis on tradition led to the preservation of cultural customs over an extended period.

Beijing as Capital

Yonglo, son of Hongwu, transferred the royal court to Beijing, establishing it as the capital.

Shift in Chinese Foreign Relations Post-1433

After 1433, the focus shifted inward as scholar-officials criticized voyages for wasting resources meant for defense.

Christian Missionaries in China

Introduced Christianity alongside European scientific knowledge and technological advancements.

Alternate Attendance Policy for Daimyo

Required daimyo to spend alternating years in the capital, leaving their families as hostages, restricting their power.

European Interest in Japanese Trade

Europeans were drawn to Japan's wealth and sought to establish trade relations.

Warring States Period in Japan

Characterized by powerful samurai gaining control and offering protection for loyalty during a time of chaos.

Hierarchical society: Emperor, shogun, daimyo, samurai, peasants/artisans, merchants.

Cultural Developments in Tokugawa Japan

Flourishing art forms included noh dramas, kabuki theater, haikus, and woodblock prints, alongside traditional themes.

Main Reasons for European Exploration

Pursuit of new trade routes to Asia, particularly for spices and luxury goods, paired with the intention to spread Christianity.

Resolution of Spanish and Portuguese Claims

The Treaty of Tordesillas effectively divided global territories, assigning India, Africa, and Asia to Portugal and the Americas to Spain.

Dutch and English in Indian Ocean

Established East India Companies, empowering them to control trade, negotiate treaties, and maintain military forces.

Foreign Influence in Ming Dynasty China

While Confucianism prioritized agriculture, foreign missionaries introduced Christianity and new technologies.

Trade Challenges during the Qing Dynasty

Strict trading rules set by the Chinese government led to difficulties as many foreign traders were unwilling to comply.

Cultural plays promoted unity; however, gender biases persisted, with sons prioritized over daughters and women retaining limited rights.

Unification of Japan under Leaders

Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu were critical figures in bringing Japan under centralized control.

Cultural Landscape in Cities

Traditional and new cultural elements coexisted, with classic themes and modern performances enriching urban life.

Japan's Closed Borders Policy

Fear of Christian influence and conversion led to a near-total closure of Japan's borders to foreign influences and missionaries.

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Description

This quiz covers the main ideas and section assessments from Chapter 19 of A World History. Explore key concepts such as the motivations behind European exploration and significant treaties, like the Treaty of Tordesillas, that shaped historical dynamics between nations.