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Questions and Answers
Which of the following factors must be considered when planning a route?
Which of the following factors must be considered when planning a route?
- Classes and special use airspace only
- Weather patterns only
- Different classes and special use airspace (correct)
- Flight crew regulations only
Altitude selection does not take into account terrain and obstacles.
Altitude selection does not take into account terrain and obstacles.
False (B)
What is the primary purpose of a VFR flight plan?
What is the primary purpose of a VFR flight plan?
To provide information to air traffic control about the flight path and facilitate search and rescue in case of an emergency.
The process of determining the direction and distance to a destination using a chart is known as __________.
The process of determining the direction and distance to a destination using a chart is known as __________.
Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
Which calculation is NOT part of flight planning?
Which calculation is NOT part of flight planning?
A pilot does not need to correlate weather information when making a go/no-go decision.
A pilot does not need to correlate weather information when making a go/no-go decision.
List two elements that should be included in a risk analysis for fuel planning.
List two elements that should be included in a risk analysis for fuel planning.
What is the standard pressure at sea level?
What is the standard pressure at sea level?
Standard temperature at sea level is 20°C.
Standard temperature at sea level is 20°C.
What service provides official weather briefings for the FAA?
What service provides official weather briefings for the FAA?
The cycle of effective weather planning includes obtaining a weather briefing, conducting a self-briefing, and _____ any changes during flight.
The cycle of effective weather planning includes obtaining a weather briefing, conducting a self-briefing, and _____ any changes during flight.
Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider in a Go/No-Go decision?
Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider in a Go/No-Go decision?
Match the types of weather briefings with their descriptions:
Match the types of weather briefings with their descriptions:
How often are Chart Supplements updated?
How often are Chart Supplements updated?
Self-briefing is not recognized by the FAA as compliant with aviation regulations.
Self-briefing is not recognized by the FAA as compliant with aviation regulations.
What does the agonic line represent?
What does the agonic line represent?
Magnetic deviation is the same for all airplanes.
Magnetic deviation is the same for all airplanes.
What should pilots ensure in addition to the fuel required for a flight?
What should pilots ensure in addition to the fuel required for a flight?
What is one of the primary requirements by the FAA for leaving the local training area?
What is one of the primary requirements by the FAA for leaving the local training area?
Careful planning is unnecessary if unforeseen circumstances arise during a flight.
Careful planning is unnecessary if unforeseen circumstances arise during a flight.
The isogonic lines on charts show the degree of variation in a given area, while the __________ represents zero variation.
The isogonic lines on charts show the degree of variation in a given area, while the __________ represents zero variation.
Which form is used for filing flight plans in the ICAO format?
Which form is used for filing flight plans in the ICAO format?
What should a learner obtain before beginning the flight planning process?
What should a learner obtain before beginning the flight planning process?
The PIC must become familiar with __________ available for safe flight planning.
The PIC must become familiar with __________ available for safe flight planning.
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Pilot must close VFR flight plans automatically through ATC towers.
Pilot must close VFR flight plans automatically through ATC towers.
Match the following concepts with their correct descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their correct descriptions:
What is recommended when activating a VFR flight plan?
What is recommended when activating a VFR flight plan?
What role does careful planning play in the context of flight preparation?
What role does careful planning play in the context of flight preparation?
What should a pilot do if their flight is delayed by more than 2 hours?
What should a pilot do if their flight is delayed by more than 2 hours?
Flight instructor applicants are required to file a VFR flight plan as part of their training.
Flight instructor applicants are required to file a VFR flight plan as part of their training.
Longitude measures degrees north or south from the Equator.
Longitude measures degrees north or south from the Equator.
What is the purpose of Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs)?
What is the purpose of Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs)?
What is the standard altimeter setting for flight at or above 18,000' MSL?
What is the standard altimeter setting for flight at or above 18,000' MSL?
The time standard at 0° longitude is called ______.
The time standard at 0° longitude is called ______.
Match the following NOTAM types with their descriptions:
Match the following NOTAM types with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Atmospheric Conditions
- Standard pressure: 29.92 inches of mercury (Hg)
- Standard temperature: 15° Celsius (C)
Altitudes
- Above 3,000 feet Above Ground Level (AGL): Use VFR cruising altitudes based on magnetic course (MC)
- 18,000 feet Mean Sea Level (MSL): Use standard altimeter setting of 29.92 inches of mercury (Hg)
- Flight Levels: Used above 18,000 feet MSL, and are based on pressure altitudes
Airspeeds
- IAS: Indicated AirSpeed, speed shown on the airspeed indicator
- TAS: True AirSpeed, actual speed of the aircraft relative to the air
- CAS: Calibrated AirSpeed, IAS corrected for instrument errors
- GS: GroundSpeed, speed of the aircraft relative to the ground
- Vso: Stall Speed, minimum speed at which the aircraft can maintain controlled flight
- Vfe: Maximum Flap Extended Speed, maximum speed at which flaps can be extended
Aeronautical Charts
- Types: VFR sectional, VFR terminal area, IFR en route, and instrument approach procedure charts
- VFR Sectional Charts: Cover specific geographical areas showing airports, navigation aids, obstacles, and airspace
- VFR Terminal Area Charts: Depict airports and surrounding airspace within a 50-mile radius of the airport
- IFR en route charts: Show airways, reporting points, and navigation aids for instrument flight
- Instrument approach procedure charts: Provide information for landing and takeoff procedures at airports
Chart Supplements
- Published: Every 56 days
- Digital: Available through FAA's website
- Information: Detailed information on airports, communications, and IFR routes
Weather Planning
- Planning Cycle: 1. Obtain weather briefing, 2. Conduct self-briefing, 3. Make go/no-go decision
Obtaining a Weather Briefing
- Leidos Flight Service: Provides official weather briefings
- Required Information:
- Aircraft type:
- Departure airport:
- Destination airport:
- Route:
- Estimated departure time:
- Pilot name:
- Pilot certificate number:
Conducting a Self-Briefing
- Recommended: Pilots are encouraged to utilize online weather resources
- Not official: Unless operating under Part 135 or Part 121, self-briefing is not an official source
Types of Weather Briefings
- Standard Briefing: General weather information for the intended route
- Abbreviated Briefing: Condensed version of a standard briefing
- Outlook Briefing: Forecast for a specific time period
- Inflight Briefing: Updates on current weather conditions
Go/No-Go Decision Factors
- Pilot: Personal minimums, proficiency, physical/mental readiness
- Aircraft: Operational limitations, equipment (weather systems)
- Environment: Hazardous weather (icing, turbulence), alternate airport availability
- External Pressures: Resisting pressure to rush due to passengers or weather concerns
Updating Weather in Flight
- FSS: Contact Flight Service Stations for updates
- Datalink Weather: Use to receive real-time weather information in flight
- FSS Frequencies: Consult the Chart Supplement
Magnetic Compass Errors
- Isogonic Lines: show the degree of magnetic variation
- Agonic Line: Zero variation, where the true north and magnetic north align
- Converting True Heading (TH) to Magnetic Heading (MH):
- West variation, add it to the True Heading (TH)
- East variation, subtract it from the True Heading (TH)
Magnetic Deviation
- Cause: Influences within the aircraft (electrical circuits, radios, metal parts)
- Deviation Card: Provides corrections for different headings
- Calculating Compass Heading (CH): Adjust Magnetic Heading (MH) based on deviation card
Selecting an Appropriate En Route Altitude
- VFR Above 3,000 Feet AGL, Below 18,000 Feet MSL: Select cruising altitude based on magnetic course (MC):
- Even Thousands: Use for course between 0° and 179°
- Odd Thousands: Use for course between 180° and 359°
Groundspeed, Fuel Required, and Time
- Flight Computer: Calculate groundspeed, fuel required, and approximate time en route using a flight computer (e.g., E6B)
- Flight Log: Record estimates, verify/update values during flight
Fuel Reserves
- VFR Fuel Reserve Requirements (14 CFR 91.151): Ensure sufficient fuel for planned flight plus:
- Day VFR: 30 minutes of flight time at normal cruise
- Night VFR: 45 minutes of flight time at normal cruise
- Carry Extra Fuel: Marginal weather or unfamiliar terrain
Fuel Calculation Formulas
- Fuel burn per hour: Time in hours x fuel flow per hour
- Fuel required: Fuel burn per hour x total flight time in hours
- Total fuel: Fuel required + fuel reserve
Flight Plans
- ICAO Format:
- International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) format
- FAA Form 7233-4
VFR Flight Plans
- Filing: Recommended for safety and search and rescue
- Method: Radio or before departure
- Activating: Contact FSS once airborne
- Recommendation: Before takeoff
- Closing: Contact nearest FSS within 30 minutes of arrival
- ATC Towers: Do not close VFR plans automatically
- Failure to Close: Initiates search and rescue
Defense VFR (DVFR) Flight Plans
- Required: Flights within Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) for security
- Procedures: Detailed in 14 CFR Part 99
Changes to Filed Flight Plans
- Notification: 45 minutes before proposed departure time
- Delay Greater than 2 Hours: Notify ATC or FSS of new departure time
Latitude and Longitude
- Latitude: North or south of the Equator measured in degrees
- Longitude: East or west of the Prime Meridian (Greenwich, England) measured in degrees
Universal Coordinated Time (UTC/Zulu Time)
- Standard Time: 0° longitude
- Converting Local Time to UTC:
- East of UTC: Subtract time zone hours from local time
- West of UTC: Add time zone hours to local time
Altimeter Setting Requirements (14 CFR 91.121)
- Below 18,000 Feet MSL: Set altimeter to current reported setting from station within 100 NM
- At or Above 18,000 Feet MSL: Set altimeter to 29.92 inches of mercury (Hg)
Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs)
- Types:
- FDC: Flight Data Center NOTAM
- NOTAM: Regular NOTAM
- Military: Military NOTAM
- Special Use: Special Use Airspace NOTAM
- Operational: Operational NOTAM
- Information: Time-sensitive safety information not published on charts
- Runway closures
- Airspace restrictions
- Navigational aid updates
Diversion to an Alternate Airport
- Check Nearby Airports: Identify closest suitable alternate airport
- Factors:
- Weather: Suitable weather conditions
- Distance: Close proximity to planned route
- Runway Length: Sufficient for aircraft
- Fuel: Availability of adequate fuel
Quick Calculations in Flight
- Time to Destination: Divide distance by groundspeed
- Fuel Consumption: Multiply fuel burn per hour by flight time
- Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA): Add departure time to flight time
Lost Procedures
- If Lost:
- Identify Location: Use available navigation instruments
- Maintain Altitude and Flight Path: Avoid distractions
- Contact FSS: Seek guidance
- Land at a Safe Location: If necessary
Emergency Procedures
- Transmitter: Use 121.5 MHz for emergency communication
- Transponder Squawk: 7700 for emergency situations
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