Podcast
Questions and Answers
When may hazardous wind shear be expected?
When may hazardous wind shear be expected?
In areas of low-level temperature inversion, frontal zones, and clear air turbulence.
Why is frost considered hazardous to flight?
Why is frost considered hazardous to flight?
Frost spoils the smooth flow of air over the wings, thereby decreasing lifting capability.
When requesting weather information for the following morning, a pilot should request?
When requesting weather information for the following morning, a pilot should request?
An outlook briefing.
What should pilots state initially when telephoning a weather briefing facility for preflight weather information?
What should pilots state initially when telephoning a weather briefing facility for preflight weather information?
What does a TAF include?
What does a TAF include?
According to the Weather Depiction Chart, what is the weather for a flight from southern Michigan to north Indiana?
According to the Weather Depiction Chart, what is the weather for a flight from southern Michigan to north Indiana?
Which in-flight advisory would contain information on severe icing not associated with thunderstorms?
Which in-flight advisory would contain information on severe icing not associated with thunderstorms?
What values are used for Winds Aloft Forecasts?
What values are used for Winds Aloft Forecasts?
Of what value is the Weather Depiction Chart to the pilot?
Of what value is the Weather Depiction Chart to the pilot?
The Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) is?
The Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) is?
What is the only cloud type forecast in TAF reports?
What is the only cloud type forecast in TAF reports?
What information is contained in a CONVECTIVE SIGMET?
What information is contained in a CONVECTIVE SIGMET?
When does the most accurate part of a forecast occur?
When does the most accurate part of a forecast occur?
Radar weather reports are of special interest to pilots because they indicate?
Radar weather reports are of special interest to pilots because they indicate?
To determine the freezing level and areas of probable icing aloft, which should the pilot refer to?
To determine the freezing level and areas of probable icing aloft, which should the pilot refer to?
How are Significant Weather Prognostic Charts best used by a pilot?
How are Significant Weather Prognostic Charts best used by a pilot?
Humid air at the surface, especially in summer, can cause?
Humid air at the surface, especially in summer, can cause?
Every physical process of weather is accompanied by, or is the result of, a?
Every physical process of weather is accompanied by, or is the result of, a?
What is the approximate base of the cumulus clouds if the surface air temperature at 1,000 feet MSL is 70 °F and the dewpoint is 48 °F?
What is the approximate base of the cumulus clouds if the surface air temperature at 1,000 feet MSL is 70 °F and the dewpoint is 48 °F?
After takeoff, you encounter a temperature inversion. You should expect?
After takeoff, you encounter a temperature inversion. You should expect?
A temperature inversion would most likely result in which weather condition?
A temperature inversion would most likely result in which weather condition?
Which weather conditions should be expected beneath a low-level temperature inversion layer when the relative humidity is high?
Which weather conditions should be expected beneath a low-level temperature inversion layer when the relative humidity is high?
What feature is associated with a temperature inversion?
What feature is associated with a temperature inversion?
Moist, stable air flowing upslope can be expected to?
Moist, stable air flowing upslope can be expected to?
Which is true with respect to a high- or low-pressure system?
Which is true with respect to a high- or low-pressure system?
Steady precipitation preceding a front is an indication of?
Steady precipitation preceding a front is an indication of?
Clouds are divided into four families according to their?
Clouds are divided into four families according to their?
Low level inversions may cause?
Low level inversions may cause?
You can expect dangerous turbulence in mountain waves and?
You can expect dangerous turbulence in mountain waves and?
What causes sea breezes to move inland?
What causes sea breezes to move inland?
Which conditions result in the formation of frost?
Which conditions result in the formation of frost?
At approximately what altitude above the surface would the pilot expect the base of cumuliform clouds if the surface air temperature is 82 °F and the dewpoint is 38 °F?
At approximately what altitude above the surface would the pilot expect the base of cumuliform clouds if the surface air temperature is 82 °F and the dewpoint is 38 °F?
The layers of the atmosphere, beginning at the earth's surface, are?
The layers of the atmosphere, beginning at the earth's surface, are?
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Study Notes
Wind Shear
- Hazardous wind shear may occur in low-level temperature inversions, frontal zones, and clear air turbulence.
Frost Hazards
- Frost disrupts smooth airflow over wings, reducing lift capacity and posing a flight hazard.
Weather Briefing
- Pilots should request an outlook briefing for weather information for the following morning.
Initial Communication
- Pilots must identify themselves when contacting a weather briefing facility for preflight information.
TAF Content
- Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) includes wind, visibility, weather phenomena, obstructions, and cloud coverage.
Weather Conditions Overview
- Weather for flights from southern Michigan to north Indiana typically features ceilings over 3,000 feet and visibility exceeding 5 miles.
In-Flight Advisory for Icing
- SIGMETs contain information on severe icing not related to thunderstorms.
Winds Aloft Forecast
- Winds Aloft Forecasts use true direction and wind speed in knots for reporting.
Weather Depiction Chart
- The Weather Depiction Chart is valuable for pilots to assess general weather conditions for flight planning purposes.
Specificity of TAF
- TAFs are specific forecasts pertinent to individual airports.
Cloud Type Forecasting
- The only cloud type included in TAF reports is cumulonimbus.
Information in CONVECTIVE SIGMET
- CONVECTIVE SIGMETs provide details on tornadoes, embedded thunderstorms, and hail that is 3/4 inch or greater.
Forecast Accuracy
- The initial part of any forecast period tends to be the most accurate.
Radar Weather Reports
- Radar reports are crucial for pilots as they indicate precipitation location, type, intensity, and movement.
Freezing Level Reference
- To determine freezing levels and possible icing aloft, pilots should consult Inflight Aviation Weather Advisories.
Use of Significant Weather Prognostic Charts
- Pilots utilize Significant Weather Prognostic Charts to identify areas to avoid due to freezing levels and turbulence.
Humid Air Impacts
- Humid surface air can lead to instability and cause afternoon thunderstorms, particularly in summer.
Weather and Heat Exchange
- Every weather process involves a heat exchange, influencing atmospheric conditions.
Cumulus Cloud Base Calculation
- If the surface temperature is 70 °F and the dewpoint is 48 °F, the base of cumulus clouds is approximately 6,000 feet MSL.
Effects of Temperature Inversion
- Encountering a temperature inversion post-takeoff often results in wind shear conditions.
Temperature Inversion Results
- A temperature inversion typically causes an increase in temperature with altitude.
Conditions Under Low-Level Inversions
- High relative humidity beneath a low-level temperature inversion can lead to smooth air, fog, haze, or low clouds.
Stable Air Layer
- A stable air layer is a characteristic feature of temperature inversions.
Upslope Moist Stable Air
- Moist, stable air that flows upslope generally forms stratus-type clouds.
High/Low-Pressure Systems
- Areas of high pressure or ridges are characterized by descending air.
Stratiform Clouds Indication
- Steady precipitation before a front indicates the presence of stratiform clouds and minimal turbulence.
Cloud Classification
- Clouds are categorized into four families based on their height range.
Effects of Low-Level Inversions
- Low-level inversions can trap smoke and dust close to the ground level.
Turbulence in Mountain Waves
- Dangerous turbulence can arise from mountain waves and beneath rotor clouds.
Sea Breeze Mechanism
- Sea breezes move inland due to cool, dense air flowing from water to replace rising warm air over land.
Frost Formation Conditions
- Frost forms when the collecting surface temperature is at or below the dewpoint of the surrounding air, with the dewpoint under freezing.
Altitude for Cumuliform Clouds
- Given a surface air temperature of 82 °F and a dewpoint of 38 °F, cumuliform clouds are expected at around 10,000 feet AGL.
Atmospheric Layers
- The atmosphere consists of three primary layers: troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere.
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