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What does PANS-OPS stand for?

  • Procedures for Air Navigation Systems – Airfield operations
  • Primary and Alternate Navigation Systems and Operations
  • Procedures for Air Navigation Services – Aircraft operations (correct)
  • Pilots Alternate Navigational Systems and Operational Procedures

    • What does DER mean?

  • Dead reckoning
  • Dead end of runway
  • Departure end of runway (correct)
  • Displaced end of runway

    • What is DER?

  • Departure end of runway (correct)
  • Direct entry routing
  • Descent rate
  • Dead end of runway

    • What is the minimum height to which an aircraft may safely continue a precision approach, without visual reference?

    <p>Decision height</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a STAR?

    <p>Standard instrument arrival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an instrument approach procedure, the segment in which alignment and descent for landing are made is called:

    <p>Final approach segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does OCA stand for?

    <p>Oceanic control area or obstacle clearance altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    OCH for a precision approach is defined as:

    <p>The lowest height above the elevation of the relevant runway threshold, at which a missed approach must be initiated to ensure compliance with the appropriate obstacle clearance criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the abbreviation OIS mean?

    <p>Obstacle identification surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does MEHT stand for?

    <p>Minimum eye height</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the abbreviation DER mean?

    <p>Departure end of runway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A precision approach is a direct instrument approach…

    <p>using bearing, elevation and distance information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does AAL mean?

    <p>Above aerodrome level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A visual approach is:

    <p>An instrument approach where the pilot has the option to continue the approach visually, providing that he has the necessary visual criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the abbreviation DER mean?

    <p>Departure end of runway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Runway visual range is reported when it falls below:

    <p>1500m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on operational considerations, a margin may be added to the OCA of a non-precision approach. The result is then called:

    <p>MDA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term used to describe the visual phase of flight after completing an instrument approach, to bring an aircraft into position for landing on a runway which is not suitably located for a straight-in approach is:

    <p>Visual manoeuvring (circling)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A radial is:

    <p>a magnetic bearing extending from a VOR station</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The document that specifies the recommendations for instrument procedures is called…

    <p>PANS OPS Doc 8168</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A manoeuvre in which a turn is made away from a designated track followed by a turn in the opposite direction to permit the aircraft to intercept and proceed along the reciprocal of the designated track is called a:

    <p>Procedure turn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defines transition altitude?

    <p>The altitude at which 1013 mb is set and vertical position then reported as a flight level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Transition Level:

    <p>shall be the lowest flight level available for use above the transition altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A notice containing information concerning flight safety, air navigation, technical, administration or legislative matters, and originated at the AIS of a state is called:

    <p>Aeronautical Information Circular (AIC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The approach categories of aircraft are based upon:

    <p>1.3 times the stalling speed in the landing configuration at maximum certified landing mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NOZ is:

    <p>Airspace of defined dimensions extending to either side of an ILS localiser course and/or MLS final approach track centre line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A circling approach is:

    <p>A visual flight manoeuvre keeping the runway in sight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The estimated total time in block 16 of a VFR flight plan is the estimated time:

    <p>required by the aircraft from take-off to arrive overhead the destination airport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    VORTAC is:

    <p>A combined VOR and TACAN combination where the bearing is from the VOR element and the range from the TACAN element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A racetrack is:

    <p>a procedure used for descent; resembling a holding pattern (including the entry)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A precision approach procedure is defined as:

    <p>An instrument approach procedure utilizing azimuth and glide path information provided by an ILS or a PAR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a low visibility take-off?

    <p>A take-off on a runway where the RVR is less than 400m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the event of a delay of 30 minutes in excess of the estimated EOBT for a controlled flight, which of the following actions is required?

    <p>The flight plan should be amended or a new flight plan should be submitted and the old flight plan cancelled, whichever is applicable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If in an instrument departure procedure the track to be followed by the aeroplane is published, the pilot is expected:

    <p>To correct for known wind to remain within the protected airspace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The take-off minima to be observed at departure airfield are:

    <p>Ceiling greater or equal to DH/MDH, and VH (horizontal visibility) greater or equal to VH required for landing, with an available instrument approach procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Turning departures provide track guidance within:

    <p>10 km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is least likely to be considered in the design of an Instrument Departure Procedure?

    <p>The transition altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following standard instrument departures is not a straight departure?

    <p>A departure where the initial departure track differs more than 15° from the runway alignment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an instrument departure procedure, the minimum obstacle clearance at the departure end of the runway equals:

    <p>0 ft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When can the required noise abatement procedure be disregarded?

    <p>At PIC’s discretion where safety is an issue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a straight departure, the initial departure track is of the alignment of the runway center line within:

    <p>15°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As a standard rule, while establishing the instrument departure procedures, the procedure assumes that the aeroplane has a climb gradient of:

    <p>3.3% with all engines operating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is responsible for the development of the contingency procedures required to cover the case of engine failure during an instrument departure, which occurs after V1?

    <p>The operator of the aircraft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The procedure design gradient (PDG) consists of:

    <p>2.5% OIS and 0.8% increasing obstacle clearance margin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For an instrument departure (SID), what is the procedure design gradient (PDG)?

    <p>3.3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an instrument departure procedure, the minimum obstacle clearance at the departure end of runway equals:

    <p>0 ft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During an omni-directional departure, what height are you required to climb to before turning onto the desired track?

    <p>120 m (394 ft)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is responsible for establishing contingency procedures for engine failure after take off?

    <p>The Operator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main factor that dictates the design of an instrument departure procedure is:

    <p>The terrain surrounding the aerodrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A turning departure is constructed if a departure route requires a turn of more than:

    <p>15°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Departure routes are based upon track guidance acquired within:

    <p>10 km after completion of turns on departures requiring turns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a turning departure, turns may be specified at:

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For an omni-directional departure, the procedure ensures that:

    <p>At least 90 m of obstacle clearance will be provided before turns greater than 15° can be specified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When constructing a turning area departure, the temperature used is:

    <p>ISA + 15°C corresponding to the altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    We can distinguish two types of departure routes. During a straight departure, the initial departure track is within:

    <p>15° of the alignment of the runway centre-line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The PDG is made up of:

    <p>2.5% gradient of obstacle identification plus 0.8% increasing obstacle clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A straight departure is one in which the initial departure track does not deviate from the alignment of the extended runway centre line by more than:

    <p>15°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The maximum distance from the DER that track guidance for a turning departure must be acquired is:

    <p>10 km after the completion of the turn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When taking off in IMC, an aircraft should report to Departure Control:

    <p>Immediately after the aircraft is airborne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is the obstacle clearance in the primary area of the initial approach segment in an instrument approach procedure?

    <p>At least 300 m (984 ft)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action should be taken if contact is lost with the aerodrome on the downwind leg?

    <p>Initiate a missed approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following approach speed ranges (Vat) is applicable for Category B aircraft?

    <p>91 kts to 120 kts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Descend below MDA/H is only allowed when...

    <p>Visual reference with the runway is established and can be maintained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a procedure turn (45°/180°), a 45° turn away from the outbound track is performed from the start of turn for categories A and B aircraft for:

    <p>1 minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The factors considered in the calculations of DA/DH are:

    <p>The OCA/H based on the highest obstacle in the approach or missed approach paths including an allowance for aircraft speed and height loss on any go-around, plus a margin for operational factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who establishes the OCA/H (Obstacle Clearance Altitude/Height) for an approach procedure?

    <p>The state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the initial phase of a missed approach procedure end?

    <p>At the point where the climb is established</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When determining the OCA/OCH for a precision approach, obstacle height is referenced to:

    <p>Threshold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the visual maneuvering (circling) area has been established, the obstacle clearance altitude/height (OCA/H) is determined:

    <p>For each category of aircraft, and it may be different for each one of them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important factor when designing an instrument departure procedure?

    <p>Terrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The NTZ extends from ___ to ___

    <p>The threshold of the nearer runway, the point at which 1000 ft vertical separation is reduced between aircraft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not shown on an approach plate?

    <p>DME frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal minimum missed approach gradient?

    <p>2.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a category 1 precision approach, the decision height cannot be lower than:

    <p>200 ft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a precision approach (ILS), obstacle clearance surfaces assume that the pilot does not normally deviate from the center line, after being established on track, more than:

    <p>Half a scale deflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Normally missed approach procedures are based on a nominal missed approach climb gradient of:

    <p>2.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If, during a visual circling, visual reference is lost while circling to land from an instrument approach, the pilot shall:

    <p>Make an initial climbing turn towards the landing runway and follow the missed approach procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When performing a circling approach, descent below MDA/H should not be made until:

    <p>Visual reference is established and can be maintained, the landing threshold is in sight, the required obstacle clearance can be maintained and a landing can be executed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Normally, the maximum descent gradient, applicable in the final approach segment to ensure the required minimum obstacle clearance, is:

    <p>6.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a visual circling, descent below MDA/H shall not be made until:

    <p>A landing clearance has been received by ATC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the missed approach procedure start?

    <p>At the missed approach point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If contact is lost with the runway on the downwind leg of a circling maneuver, what actions should be taken?

    <p>Initiate a missed approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many aircraft approach categories are applicable to the new ICAO instrument approach procedures?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For the construction of precision approaches, which is the operationally preferred glide path angle?

    <p>3°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Minimum sector altitudes published on approach charts provide at least the following obstacle clearance:

    <p>300m within 25 nm of the homing facility associated with the approach procedure for that aerodrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Obstacle clearance for an ILS approach is based on the assumption that the pilot does not deviate from the center line more than:

    <p>Half scale deflection of the localizer indicator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The initial approach segment starts at the ___ and the obstacle clearance (MOC) provided in the primary area is ___

    <p>Initial approach fix, 300m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For precision approaches, the Final Approach Point (FAP) is set at a specified distance from the threshold of the instrument runway. What is the maximum this distance can be?

    <p>19 km (10 nm)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During circling-to-land, what is the maximum allowed airspeed for a Cat B aeroplane to remain within the protection envelope?

    <p>135 kt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general valid range of the Minimum Safe Altitude (MSA) established around a navigation facility?

    <p>25 NM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many separate segments does an instrument approach procedure have?

    <p>Up to 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ILS glide path is normally intercepted between which distances?

    <p>3 and 10 NM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimum descent gradient in the final approach that should not exceed?

    <p>5 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you lose the necessary visual references while circling visual, what should you do?

    <p>Make an initial climbing turn towards the landing runway and when overhead the airport climb on the missed approach track</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a precision approach (ILS), from what heights above runway elevation does glide path intersection generally occur?

    <p>300m (984 ft) to 900m (2955 ft)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a circling approach, what is the minimum Obstacle Clearance Height (OCH) above aerodrome level?

    <p>Depends on aircraft category</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On a non-precision approach, what is the acceptable angle between the final approach track and the runway center line?

    <p>30 degrees or less</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During an instrument approach, what is the minimum obstacle clearance (MOC) in the intermediate phase of a missed approach?

    <p>30 m (98 ft)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A turn executed by the aircraft during the initial approach between the end of the outbound track and the beginning of the intermediate or final approach track is a:

    <p>Base turn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Minimum sector altitudes are determined by the inbound radial in relation to the Initial Approach Fix (IAF). What is the established distance from the IAF?

    <p>25 NM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During an instrument approach, what is the MOC of the initial approach segment primary area?

    <p>300m (984 ft)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The width of the corridor around a specified arrival route is:

    <p>±5 NM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On an IFR flight executing a circling approach, when can you descend below the Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The protection areas associated with instrument approach procedures are determined with the assumption that turns are performed at what bank angle?

    <p>25° for all procedures, whichever is lower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which are the phases of a missed approach procedure?

    <p>Initial, intermediate and final</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum obstacle clearance within the primary area of an intermediate approach segment?

    <p>150 m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If visual reference is lost while circling to land from an instrument approach, what direction should the pilot turn?

    <p>Landing runway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who establishes the aerodrome operational minima for instrument approaches?

    <p>The appropriate authority of the State of the aerodrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many segments does an instrument approach procedure consist of?

    <p>5 segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During an instrument approach, what is the minimum obstacle clearance (MOC) during the final phase of a missed approach?

    <p>50m (164 ft)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal procedure design climb gradient for a missed approach procedure?

    <p>2.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the primary area, how much obstacle clearance is provided for the initial approach segment?

    <p>984 ft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary area of an instrument approach segment?

    <p>A defined area symmetrically disposed about the normal flight track in which full obstacle clearance is provided</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what circumstances would an ILS glide path in excess of 3° be used?

    <p>Where other means of obstacle clearance are impracticable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the initial section of a missed approach procedure end?

    <p>When established in the climb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the initial approach segment in an instrument approach procedure commence?

    <p>At the IAF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can an operational advantage be obtained, an ILS procedure may include a dead reckoning segment from a fix to the localizer?

    <p>Intersect the localizer at 45° and will not be more than 10 NM in length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the ILS-approach, the OCA is referenced to:

    <p>Mean sea level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a precision approach (ILS), when does the final approach segment begin?

    <p>FAP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to ICAO (Annex 11), what is the definition of an RNAV system?

    <p>One which enables the aircraft to navigate on any desired flight path within the coverage of appropriate ground based navigation aids or within the specified limits of self-contained on-board systems or a combination of the two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is one of the functions of the Course-Line-Computer in a basic Area Navigation (RNAV) system?

    <p>It transfers the information given by a VOR/DME station into tracking and distance indications to any chosen Phantom Station/waypoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary navigation inputs used by RNAV system?

    <p>Nav Aids, INS, FMC database</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erratic indications may be experienced when flying towards a basic VOR/DME-based Area Navigation System Phantom Station:

    <p>When operating at low altitudes close to the limit of reception range from the reference station</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The required accuracy of a precision RNAV (P-RNAV) system is:

    <p>1 nm standard deviation or better</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the deviation per dot on the HSI when using a 2-dot RNAV system in the approach mode?

    <p>0.5°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following inputs to an Area Navigation System (R-NAV) comes from an external, not on-board, system?

    <p>VOR/DME radial/distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RNAV routes are:

    <p>Specified by waypoints defined as a position in latitude and longitude based on the WGS 84 system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    With regard to RNAV, what are hybrid navigation systems?

    <p>RNAV systems which use and merge information from a selection of self-contained and externally referenced navigation systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a self-contained RNAV system?

    <p>INS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    With VOR/DME basic area navigation, the displacement of the CDI needle represents:

    <p>Distance of track (e.g., 5 dots = 5 nm off track)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    With regard to RNAV, what are phantom or ghost stations?

    <p>Waypoints defined by radials and ranges from suitable VOR/DME facilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The range to a required waypoint presented by RNAV system is:

    <p>Plan range or slant range depending on RNAV settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the distances indicated will be shown on a basic VOR/DME-based Area Navigation Equipment when using a ‘Phantom Station’ at position ‘X’?

    <p>9 NM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the distances indicated will be shown on a basic VOR/DME-based Area Navigation Equipment when using a ‘Phantom Station’?

    <p>12 NM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apart from radials and distances from VOR/DME stations, what information is required by the VOR/DME Area Navigation computer in order to calculate the wind?

    <p>Heading from the aircraft compass system and true airspeed from the air data computer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an FMS, how does a VOR/DME Area Navigation system obtain DME information?

    <p>The VOR/DME Area Navigation system has its own VHF NAV tuner and the system itself tunes the DME stations providing the best angular position lines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In order to enter a phantom waypoint that is designed by a VOR/DME simple RNAV system, the VOR/DME:

    <p>Does not have to be in range when entered but must be when used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On what data is a VOR/DME Area Navigation system operating in the dead reckoning mode?

    <p>TAS from the Air Data Computer; heading from the aircraft compass; the last computed W/V</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under which of the following circumstances does a VOR/DME Area Navigation system switch to Dead Reckoning mode?

    <p>VOR/DME Area Navigation Computer is receiving neither radial nor distance data information from VOR/DME stations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following lists information given by a basic VOR/DME-based Area Navigation System when tracking inbound to a phantom waypoint?

    <p>Crosstrack distance; alongtrack distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When operating in an RNAV mode using multiple DME, inaccuracy can be due to:

    <p>Inability to confirm the aircraft is within the DOC of the DMEs because of identification problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An aircraft, using a 2D RNAV computer, is 12 nm from the phantom station, 25 nm from the VOR/DME designating the phantom station, and the phantom station is 35 nm from the VOR/DME. The range read out in the aircraft will be:

    <p>12 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where 2 aircraft are established on adjacent parallel ILS localisers, what is the minimum radar separation permitted under mode 2 operations?

    <p>2 NM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the intermediate missed approach segment end?

    <p>Where 50m obstacle clearance is obtained and can be maintained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What obstacle clearance is guaranteed in the initial segment?

    <p>300m (984 ft)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the initial missed approach segment end?

    <p>At the point where the climb is established</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The obstacle clearance surfaces of an ILS approach assumes a pilot localiser accuracy of:

    <p>½ scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a 45/180 procedure turn, what is the outbound leg time for a CAT B aircraft?

    <p>1 min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A missed approach procedure consists of:

    <p>3 phases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the steepest descent path permitted for a non-precision approach?

    <p>6.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum gradient for the final approach segment of a non-precision approach?

    <p>6.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a procedure turn (45o/180o), a 45o turn away from the outbound track is performed from the start of the turn for categories C, D, E aircraft for:

    <p>1 minute 15 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lowest possible MDH for a VOR/DME non-precision approach?

    <p>250 ft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In general, during a straight-in approach, the MDH cannot be below:

    <p>the OCH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A CAT 1 operation is a precision approach and landing using an ILS, MLS or PAR with a DH not lower than ___ ft and with a RVR not less than ___ m.

    <p>200, 550</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a step-down fix is established on the final approach track, a descend shall be made so as to:

    <p>pass the fix not below the specified crossing altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the obstacle clearance in the intermediate approach segment?

    <p>Reducing from 300m to 150m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a precision approach (ILS), the OCA or OCH values are based among other standard conditions, on a vertical distance between the flight paths of the wheels and glide path antenna, not greater than:

    <p>6m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The initial missed approach segment:

    <p>Begins at the MAPT and ends where the climb is established</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the arrival and initial segments of an instrument procedure, what is the obstacle clearance provided (not in mountainous areas)?

    <p>Not less than 300m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a category A aircraft, what reversing turn manoeuvre takes 2 minutes in still air?

    <p>80/260 procedure turn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the initial sector of a missed approach procedure end?

    <p>When the climb is established</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The obstacle clearance in the primary area of the initial approach segment is at least:

    <p>984 ft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unless otherwise indicated, the missed approach procedures published on the IAC charts are based on a minimum climb gradient of:

    <p>2.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly defines the NOZ for parallel runway operations?

    <p>The NOZ extends from runway threshold to the point where aircraft are normally established on the localiser</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    PANS-OPS

    • PANS-OPS stands for Procedures for Air Navigation Services – Aircraft operations.

    DER

    • DER is the abbreviation for Departure End of Runway.

    Precision Approach

    • Decision height is the minimum height for continuing a precision approach without visual reference.
    • Precision approaches use bearing, elevation, and distance information to guide aircraft.

    STAR

    • STAR refers to Standard Instrument Arrival, designed to facilitate aircraft landing.

    Approach Procedures

    • The final approach segment is crucial for alignment and descent for landing.
    • OCA can mean both Oceanic Control Area or Obstacle Clearance Altitude based on context.

    OCH

    • OCH is defined as the minimum height above the runway threshold for missed approach criteria.

    OIS

    • OIS stands for Obstacle Identification Surface, used to indicate obstacle limits during approach and departure.

    MEHT

    • MEHT is Minimum Eye Height, indicating required eye level for proper visibility during approach.

    Visual Approach

    • A visual approach allows pilots to transition from instrument to visual flight, provided they meet visual criteria.

    Runway Visual Range

    • Runway visual range reporting is mandated when visibility is below 1500 meters.

    Transition Levels

    • Transition altitude is the point where altitudes shift to flight levels, defined as 1013 mb.

    Aeronautical Information

    • Aeronautical Information Circulars (AICs) deliver significant updates on flight safety and navigation.

    Approach Categories

    • Aircraft approach categories are based on 1.3 times the stalling speed in landing configuration at maximum weight.

    NOZ

    • NOZ stands for the airspace alongside ILS routes, crucial for approach safety and guidance.

    Circling Approach

    • Circling approaches require pilots to maintain visual contact with the runway while maneuvering for landing.

    VORTAC

    • VORTAC combines VOR (VHF Omnidirectional Range) and TACAN (Tactical Air Navigation) for navigation.

    Racetrack Procedure

    • Racetrack refers to a maneuver resembling a holding pattern and is commonly used in descent phases.

    Precision Approach Procedure Definition

    • Defined as utilizing azimuth and glide path information from systems like ILS for precise landing guidance.

    Departure Procedures

    • Low visibility take-off occurs when runway visual range (RVR) is less than 400m.
    • A delay of more than 30 minutes requires amending or canceling the flight plan as applicable.
    • In an instrument departure, pilots must correct for known wind to stay within protected airspace.
    • Poor weather conditions necessitate take-off minima equal to landing minima at the departure airfield.
    • Turning departures provide track guidance within 10 km from the departure point.
    • Transition altitude is the least considered factor in instrument departure procedure design.
    • A standard instrument departure is not straight if the initial track deviates more than 15° from runway alignment.
    • Minimum obstacle clearance at the departure end of the runway is 0 ft.
    • Noise abatement procedures can be disregarded if there are safety concerns at the PIC’s discretion.
    • The initial departure track in a straight departure must align within 15° of the runway centerline.
    • Procedures typically assume a climb gradient of 3.3% for aircraft with all engines operating.
    • The operator is responsible for developing contingency procedures for engine failure post V1.
    • Procedure design gradient (PDG) consists of a 2.5% obstacle identification slope and a 0.8% increasing obstacle clearance margin.
    • Instrument departures (SIDs) operate at a PDG of 3.3%.
    • The required climb height before turning onto the desired track in an omni-directional departure is 120m (394 ft).
    • The operator is also responsible for establishing contingency procedures for post-take-off engine failure.
    • The terrain surrounding the aerodrome is the primary factor in designing instrument departure procedures.
    • Turning departures are initiated with a turn greater than 15° from the initial track.
    • Departure routes rely on track guidance up to 10 km after turns are completed.
    • For an omni-directional departure, a minimum of 90m obstacle clearance is required before any turns greater than 15°.
    • Temperature for a turning area departure is determined by ISA + 15°C at the corresponding altitude.

    Approach Procedures

    • The primary area of the initial approach segment requires an obstacle clearance of at least 300m (984 ft).
    • If contact with the aerodrome is lost on the downwind leg, a missed approach should be initiated.
    • Approach speed for Category B aircraft ranges from 91 knots to 120 knots.

    Departure Procedures

    • Low visibility take-off occurs when runway visual range (RVR) is less than 400m.
    • A delay of more than 30 minutes requires amending or canceling the flight plan as applicable.
    • In an instrument departure, pilots must correct for known wind to stay within protected airspace.
    • Poor weather conditions necessitate take-off minima equal to landing minima at the departure airfield.
    • Turning departures provide track guidance within 10 km from the departure point.
    • Transition altitude is the least considered factor in instrument departure procedure design.
    • A standard instrument departure is not straight if the initial track deviates more than 15° from runway alignment.
    • Minimum obstacle clearance at the departure end of the runway is 0 ft.
    • Noise abatement procedures can be disregarded if there are safety concerns at the PIC’s discretion.
    • The initial departure track in a straight departure must align within 15° of the runway centerline.
    • Procedures typically assume a climb gradient of 3.3% for aircraft with all engines operating.
    • The operator is responsible for developing contingency procedures for engine failure post V1.
    • Procedure design gradient (PDG) consists of a 2.5% obstacle identification slope and a 0.8% increasing obstacle clearance margin.
    • Instrument departures (SIDs) operate at a PDG of 3.3%.
    • The required climb height before turning onto the desired track in an omni-directional departure is 120m (394 ft).
    • The operator is also responsible for establishing contingency procedures for post-take-off engine failure.
    • The terrain surrounding the aerodrome is the primary factor in designing instrument departure procedures.
    • Turning departures are initiated with a turn greater than 15° from the initial track.
    • Departure routes rely on track guidance up to 10 km after turns are completed.
    • For an omni-directional departure, a minimum of 90m obstacle clearance is required before any turns greater than 15°.
    • Temperature for a turning area departure is determined by ISA + 15°C at the corresponding altitude.

    Approach Procedures

    • The primary area of the initial approach segment requires an obstacle clearance of at least 300m (984 ft).
    • If contact with the aerodrome is lost on the downwind leg, a missed approach should be initiated.
    • Approach speed for Category B aircraft ranges from 91 knots to 120 knots.

    Performance and Standards

    • Envelope speeds: A – 125 kt, B – 120 kt, C – 135 kt, D – 150 kt; Correct answer is C.
    • Minimum Sector Altitude (MSA) around navigation facilities is generally valid within 25 NM; Correct answer is D.

    Instrument Approach Procedures

    • An instrument approach procedure can have up to 5 separate segments; Correct answer is B.
    • ILS glide path interception typically occurs between 3 and 10 NM; Correct answer is D.
    • The optimum descent gradient on final approach should not exceed 5%; Correct answer is C.

    Circling Procedure and Actions

    • If visual references are lost while circling visually, initiate a climbing turn towards the landing runway; Correct answer is C.
    • Minimum obstacle clearance (MOC) during the intermediate phase of missed approach is 30 m (98 ft); Correct answer is C.

    ILS and Instrument Procedure Details

    • Precision approach (ILS) glide path intersection heights range from 300 m (984 ft) to 900 m (2955 ft); Correct answer is C.
    • Minimum Obstacle Clearance (MOC) for the initial approach segment is 300 m (984 ft); Correct answer is C.
    • Minimum sector altitudes are determined by the inbound radial from the Initial Approach Fix (IAF) covering a distance of 25 NM; Correct answer is D.

    Climbing and Descent Requirements

    • Minimum obstacle clearance within the primary area of the intermediate approach segment is 150 m; Correct answer is A.
    • A standard design climb gradient for missed approach procedures is 2.5%; Correct answer is B.
    • Initial approach segment begins at the IAF; Correct answer is B.

    Missed Approach Procedure

    • Phases of a missed approach include initial, intermediate, and final; Correct answer is C.
    • The final phase MOC during a missed approach is 50 m (164 ft); Correct answer is D.
    • The initial section of a missed approach ends when established in the climb; Correct answer is B.

    ILS and Approach Waypoints

    • Instrument approach procedures can consist of 5 segments; Correct answer is A.
    • ILS glide paths over 3° might be employed when other obstacle clearance means are impracticable; Correct answer is A.
    • The ILS approach's Operational Clearance Altitude (OCA) is referenced to mean sea level; Correct answer is D.

    Dead Reckoning in ILS

    • ILS may include a dead reckoning (DR) segment that intersects the localizer at 45° and is no longer than 10 NM; Correct answer is D.

    Miscellaneous Considerations

    • The minimum obstacle clearance for circling approaches is variable by aircraft category; Correct answer is B.
    • During an IFR flight in a circling approach, descent below MDA can only proceed when visual thresholds and required obstacle clearances are maintained; Correct answer is C.

    Circling-to-Land Procedures

    • Maximum airspeed for Cat B aeroplane during circling-to-land is 135 knots to remain within the protection envelope.

    Minimum Safe Altitude (MSA)

    • MSA must be established around a navigation facility, valid within a sector of 25 nautical miles.

    Instrument Approach Segments

    • Instrument approach procedure can have up to 5 separate segments.

    ILS Glide Path

    • Glide path is typically intercepted between 3 and 10 nautical miles from the runway.

    Descent Gradient

    • Optimum descent gradient during final approach should not exceed 5%.

    Losing Visual References

    • If visual references are lost while circling visually, initiate an initial climbing turn towards the landing runway and then climb on the missed approach track.

    ILS Final Approach Heights

    • In a precision approach, glide path intersection heights range from 300m (984 ft) to 900m (2955 ft) above runway elevation.

    Circling Approach Minimum OCH

    • Minimum Obstacle Clearance Height (OCH) for circling approach depends on the aircraft category.

    Non-Precision Approach Acceptability

    • A "straight-in approach" is acceptable if the angle between the final approach track and runway centerline is 30 degrees or less.

    Minimum Obstacle Clearance (MOC)

    • Minimum obstacle clearance in the intermediate phase of missed approach is 30m (98 ft).

    Procedure Turns

    • A turn executed between outbound track and beginning of intermediate or final approach track is called a base turn.

    Minimum Sector Altitudes

    • Minimum sector altitudes are determined up to 25 nautical miles from the Initial Approach Fix (IAF).

    MOC for Initial Approach Segment

    • MOC for the initial approach segment's primary area is 300m (984 ft).

    Corridor Width for Arrival Routes

    • Corridor around a specified arrival route is ±5 nautical miles.

    IFR Circling Approach Descent

    • Descend below Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA) only after landing threshold is in sight, visual reference can be maintained, and required obstacle clearance is ensured.

    Protection Areas for Instrument Approaches

    • Protection areas are defined with turns performed at a bank angle of 25 degrees or lower, with specific values for different procedures.

    Missed Approach Procedure Phases

    • Missed approach procedure consists of initial, intermediate, and final phases.

    MOC in Final Phase of Missed Approach

    • Minimum obstacle clearance in the final phase of missed approach is 50m (164 ft).

    Design Climb Gradient

    • Normal procedure design climb gradient for missed approach is 2.5%.

    Obstacle Clearance in Primary Area

    • Initial approach segment’s primary area provides an obstacle clearance of at least 984 ft.

    Definition of Primary Area

    • Primary area is symmetrically disposed around the normal flight track providing full obstacle clearance.

    ILS Glide Path Usage Criteria

    • An ILS glide path steeper than 3 degrees may be used where other means of obstacle clearance are impractical.

    Initial Section of Missed Approach

    • The initial section of a missed approach ends when the aircraft is established in the climb.

    Initial Approach Segment

    • Initial approach segment commences at the Initial Approach Fix (IAF).

    Dead Reckoning Segment in ILS

    • Dead reckoning segment may intersect localiser at 45 degrees and should not exceed 10 nautical miles in length.

    ILS OCA Reference

    • In ILS approach, the Obstacle Clearance Altitude (OCA) is referenced to mean sea level.

    Precision Approach Segment Start

    • In precision approach (ILS), the final approach segment begins at the Final Approach Point (FAP).

    Circling-to-Land Procedures

    • Maximum airspeed for Cat B aeroplane during circling-to-land is 135 knots to remain within the protection envelope.

    Minimum Safe Altitude (MSA)

    • MSA must be established around a navigation facility, valid within a sector of 25 nautical miles.

    Instrument Approach Segments

    • Instrument approach procedure can have up to 5 separate segments.

    ILS Glide Path

    • Glide path is typically intercepted between 3 and 10 nautical miles from the runway.

    Descent Gradient

    • Optimum descent gradient during final approach should not exceed 5%.

    Losing Visual References

    • If visual references are lost while circling visually, initiate an initial climbing turn towards the landing runway and then climb on the missed approach track.

    ILS Final Approach Heights

    • In a precision approach, glide path intersection heights range from 300m (984 ft) to 900m (2955 ft) above runway elevation.

    Circling Approach Minimum OCH

    • Minimum Obstacle Clearance Height (OCH) for circling approach depends on the aircraft category.

    Non-Precision Approach Acceptability

    • A "straight-in approach" is acceptable if the angle between the final approach track and runway centerline is 30 degrees or less.

    Minimum Obstacle Clearance (MOC)

    • Minimum obstacle clearance in the intermediate phase of missed approach is 30m (98 ft).

    Procedure Turns

    • A turn executed between outbound track and beginning of intermediate or final approach track is called a base turn.

    Minimum Sector Altitudes

    • Minimum sector altitudes are determined up to 25 nautical miles from the Initial Approach Fix (IAF).

    MOC for Initial Approach Segment

    • MOC for the initial approach segment's primary area is 300m (984 ft).

    Corridor Width for Arrival Routes

    • Corridor around a specified arrival route is ±5 nautical miles.

    IFR Circling Approach Descent

    • Descend below Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA) only after landing threshold is in sight, visual reference can be maintained, and required obstacle clearance is ensured.

    Protection Areas for Instrument Approaches

    • Protection areas are defined with turns performed at a bank angle of 25 degrees or lower, with specific values for different procedures.

    Missed Approach Procedure Phases

    • Missed approach procedure consists of initial, intermediate, and final phases.

    MOC in Final Phase of Missed Approach

    • Minimum obstacle clearance in the final phase of missed approach is 50m (164 ft).

    Design Climb Gradient

    • Normal procedure design climb gradient for missed approach is 2.5%.

    Obstacle Clearance in Primary Area

    • Initial approach segment’s primary area provides an obstacle clearance of at least 984 ft.

    Definition of Primary Area

    • Primary area is symmetrically disposed around the normal flight track providing full obstacle clearance.

    ILS Glide Path Usage Criteria

    • An ILS glide path steeper than 3 degrees may be used where other means of obstacle clearance are impractical.

    Initial Section of Missed Approach

    • The initial section of a missed approach ends when the aircraft is established in the climb.

    Initial Approach Segment

    • Initial approach segment commences at the Initial Approach Fix (IAF).

    Dead Reckoning Segment in ILS

    • Dead reckoning segment may intersect localiser at 45 degrees and should not exceed 10 nautical miles in length.

    ILS OCA Reference

    • In ILS approach, the Obstacle Clearance Altitude (OCA) is referenced to mean sea level.

    Precision Approach Segment Start

    • In precision approach (ILS), the final approach segment begins at the Final Approach Point (FAP).

    Circling-to-Land Procedures

    • Maximum airspeed for Cat B aeroplane during circling-to-land is 135 knots to remain within the protection envelope.

    Minimum Safe Altitude (MSA)

    • MSA must be established around a navigation facility, valid within a sector of 25 nautical miles.

    Instrument Approach Segments

    • Instrument approach procedure can have up to 5 separate segments.

    ILS Glide Path

    • Glide path is typically intercepted between 3 and 10 nautical miles from the runway.

    Descent Gradient

    • Optimum descent gradient during final approach should not exceed 5%.

    Losing Visual References

    • If visual references are lost while circling visually, initiate an initial climbing turn towards the landing runway and then climb on the missed approach track.

    ILS Final Approach Heights

    • In a precision approach, glide path intersection heights range from 300m (984 ft) to 900m (2955 ft) above runway elevation.

    Circling Approach Minimum OCH

    • Minimum Obstacle Clearance Height (OCH) for circling approach depends on the aircraft category.

    Non-Precision Approach Acceptability

    • A "straight-in approach" is acceptable if the angle between the final approach track and runway centerline is 30 degrees or less.

    Minimum Obstacle Clearance (MOC)

    • Minimum obstacle clearance in the intermediate phase of missed approach is 30m (98 ft).

    Procedure Turns

    • A turn executed between outbound track and beginning of intermediate or final approach track is called a base turn.

    Minimum Sector Altitudes

    • Minimum sector altitudes are determined up to 25 nautical miles from the Initial Approach Fix (IAF).

    MOC for Initial Approach Segment

    • MOC for the initial approach segment's primary area is 300m (984 ft).

    Corridor Width for Arrival Routes

    • Corridor around a specified arrival route is ±5 nautical miles.

    IFR Circling Approach Descent

    • Descend below Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA) only after landing threshold is in sight, visual reference can be maintained, and required obstacle clearance is ensured.

    Protection Areas for Instrument Approaches

    • Protection areas are defined with turns performed at a bank angle of 25 degrees or lower, with specific values for different procedures.

    Missed Approach Procedure Phases

    • Missed approach procedure consists of initial, intermediate, and final phases.

    MOC in Final Phase of Missed Approach

    • Minimum obstacle clearance in the final phase of missed approach is 50m (164 ft).

    Design Climb Gradient

    • Normal procedure design climb gradient for missed approach is 2.5%.

    Obstacle Clearance in Primary Area

    • Initial approach segment’s primary area provides an obstacle clearance of at least 984 ft.

    Definition of Primary Area

    • Primary area is symmetrically disposed around the normal flight track providing full obstacle clearance.

    ILS Glide Path Usage Criteria

    • An ILS glide path steeper than 3 degrees may be used where other means of obstacle clearance are impractical.

    Initial Section of Missed Approach

    • The initial section of a missed approach ends when the aircraft is established in the climb.

    Initial Approach Segment

    • Initial approach segment commences at the Initial Approach Fix (IAF).

    Dead Reckoning Segment in ILS

    • Dead reckoning segment may intersect localiser at 45 degrees and should not exceed 10 nautical miles in length.

    ILS OCA Reference

    • In ILS approach, the Obstacle Clearance Altitude (OCA) is referenced to mean sea level.

    Precision Approach Segment Start

    • In precision approach (ILS), the final approach segment begins at the Final Approach Point (FAP).

    Descent and Approach Procedures

    • Descent below Minimum Descent Altitude/Height (MDA/H) is permitted only when visual reference with the runway is established and can be maintained.
    • A procedure turn for aircraft categories A and B requires a 45-degree turn away from the outbound track for 1 minute.

    Obstacle Clearance and Altitudes

    • Obstacle Clearance Altitude/Height (OCA/H) is determined based on the highest obstacle in the approach or missed approach paths, with inclusions for speed and height loss on go-arounds.
    • The state is responsible for establishing OCA/H for an approach procedure.

    Missed Approach Procedures

    • The initial phase of a missed approach ends when a climb is established.
    • The minimum missed approach gradient is typically set at 2.5%.
    • Missed approach procedures begin at the missed approach point.

    Visual and Precision Approaches

    • For precision approaches, the obstacle height is referenced to the runway threshold.
    • Obstacle clearance altitude for circling approaches varies by aircraft category.
    • During visual circling, descent below MDA/H is only undertaken when visual reference and required obstacle clearance are affirmed.

    Instrument Departure Procedures

    • The design of instrument departure procedures prioritizes terrain considerations.
    • The Non-Traffic Zone (NTZ) extends from the threshold of the nearest runway to where vertical separation of 1000 feet between aircraft is reduced.

    Approach Charts and Categories

    • Approach plates do not display DME frequency.
    • New ICAO instrument approach procedures categorize aircraft into five distinct categories.

    Glide Path and Altitude Clearances

    • The preferred glide path angle for precision approaches is 3 degrees.
    • Minimum sector altitudes provide a minimum obstacle clearance of 300 meters within 25 nautical miles of the approach facility.

    Center Line Deviation

    • ILS approach clearance assumes the pilot does not deviate more than half-scale deflection of the localizer indicator.
    • The initial approach segment commences at the initial approach fix with a margin of obstacle clearance of 300 meters.

    Final Approach Point

    • The Final Approach Point can be a maximum of 19 kilometers (10 nautical miles) from the runway threshold.

    Actions During Visual Deviation

    • If visual contact is lost during a circling maneuver, the pilot must initiate a missed approach.
    • Pilots should not descend below MDA/H until visual reference with the landing threshold is established and can be maintained.

    Circling-to-Land Procedures

    • Maximum airspeed for Cat B aeroplane during circling-to-land is 135 knots to remain within the protection envelope.

    Minimum Safe Altitude (MSA)

    • MSA must be established around a navigation facility, valid within a sector of 25 nautical miles.

    Instrument Approach Segments

    • Instrument approach procedure can have up to 5 separate segments.

    ILS Glide Path

    • Glide path is typically intercepted between 3 and 10 nautical miles from the runway.

    Descent Gradient

    • Optimum descent gradient during final approach should not exceed 5%.

    Losing Visual References

    • If visual references are lost while circling visually, initiate an initial climbing turn towards the landing runway and then climb on the missed approach track.

    ILS Final Approach Heights

    • In a precision approach, glide path intersection heights range from 300m (984 ft) to 900m (2955 ft) above runway elevation.

    Circling Approach Minimum OCH

    • Minimum Obstacle Clearance Height (OCH) for circling approach depends on the aircraft category.

    Non-Precision Approach Acceptability

    • A "straight-in approach" is acceptable if the angle between the final approach track and runway centerline is 30 degrees or less.

    Minimum Obstacle Clearance (MOC)

    • Minimum obstacle clearance in the intermediate phase of missed approach is 30m (98 ft).

    Procedure Turns

    • A turn executed between outbound track and beginning of intermediate or final approach track is called a base turn.

    Minimum Sector Altitudes

    • Minimum sector altitudes are determined up to 25 nautical miles from the Initial Approach Fix (IAF).

    MOC for Initial Approach Segment

    • MOC for the initial approach segment's primary area is 300m (984 ft).

    Corridor Width for Arrival Routes

    • Corridor around a specified arrival route is ±5 nautical miles.

    IFR Circling Approach Descent

    • Descend below Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA) only after landing threshold is in sight, visual reference can be maintained, and required obstacle clearance is ensured.

    Protection Areas for Instrument Approaches

    • Protection areas are defined with turns performed at a bank angle of 25 degrees or lower, with specific values for different procedures.

    Missed Approach Procedure Phases

    • Missed approach procedure consists of initial, intermediate, and final phases.

    MOC in Final Phase of Missed Approach

    • Minimum obstacle clearance in the final phase of missed approach is 50m (164 ft).

    Design Climb Gradient

    • Normal procedure design climb gradient for missed approach is 2.5%.

    Obstacle Clearance in Primary Area

    • Initial approach segment’s primary area provides an obstacle clearance of at least 984 ft.

    Definition of Primary Area

    • Primary area is symmetrically disposed around the normal flight track providing full obstacle clearance.

    ILS Glide Path Usage Criteria

    • An ILS glide path steeper than 3 degrees may be used where other means of obstacle clearance are impractical.

    Initial Section of Missed Approach

    • The initial section of a missed approach ends when the aircraft is established in the climb.

    Initial Approach Segment

    • Initial approach segment commences at the Initial Approach Fix (IAF).

    Dead Reckoning Segment in ILS

    • Dead reckoning segment may intersect localiser at 45 degrees and should not exceed 10 nautical miles in length.

    ILS OCA Reference

    • In ILS approach, the Obstacle Clearance Altitude (OCA) is referenced to mean sea level.

    Precision Approach Segment Start

    • In precision approach (ILS), the final approach segment begins at the Final Approach Point (FAP).

    Radar Separation and ILS Procedures

    • Minimum radar separation for two aircraft on adjacent parallel ILS localisers is 2 NM.
    • The intermediate missed approach segment ends where 50m obstacle clearance is obtained and can be maintained.
    • Obstacle clearance in the initial segment is guaranteed at 300m (984 ft).
    • The initial missed approach segment ends at the point where the climb is established.

    Approach Criteria and Procedures

    • ILS approach assumes a pilot localiser accuracy of ½ scale.
    • Outbound leg time for a 45/180 procedure turn for category B aircraft is 1 minute.
    • A missed approach procedure consists of 3 phases.
    • The steepest descent path permitted for a non-precision approach is 6.5%.

    Approach Segment Specifications

    • Maximum gradient for the final approach segment of a non-precision approach is 6.5%.
    • A 45-degree turn for categories C, D, and E aircraft is executed for 1 minute 15 seconds during a procedure turn.
    • The lowest possible Minimum Descent Height (MDH) for a VOR/DME non-precision approach is 250 ft.

    General Approach Regulations

    • The MDH during a straight-in approach cannot be below the Obstacle Clearance Height (OCH).
    • CAT 1 operation involves a precision approach with a Decision Height (DH) not lower than 200 ft and a Runway Visual Range (RVR) not less than 550 m.
    • If a step-down fix is established, descent should be made to pass the fix not below the specified crossing altitude.

    Obstacle Clearance and Missed Approach

    • Obstacle clearance in the intermediate approach segment reduces from 300m to 150m.
    • The OCA or OCH values for a precision approach (ILS) are based on maintaining a vertical distance of not greater than 6m between the flight paths and glide path antenna.
    • The initial missed approach segment starts at the Missed Approach Point (MAPT) and ends where the climb is established.

    Instrument Approach Parameters

    • Obstacle clearance during initial segments of instrument procedures not in mountainous areas is not less than 300m.
    • In category A aircraft, the reversing turn manoeuvre during the procedure turn takes 2 minutes in still air.
    • The initial sector of a missed approach procedure ends when the climb is established.

    Other Key Information

    • Obstacle clearance in the primary area of the initial approach segment is at least 984 ft.
    • Missed approach procedures are typically based on a minimum climb gradient of 2.5%.
    • The No-Transgression Zone (NOZ) for parallel runway operations extends from the runway threshold to the point where aircraft are established on the localiser.

    Radar Separation and ILS Procedures

    • Minimum radar separation for two aircraft on adjacent parallel ILS localisers is 2 NM.
    • The intermediate missed approach segment ends where 50m obstacle clearance is obtained and can be maintained.
    • Obstacle clearance in the initial segment is guaranteed at 300m (984 ft).
    • The initial missed approach segment ends at the point where the climb is established.

    Approach Criteria and Procedures

    • ILS approach assumes a pilot localiser accuracy of ½ scale.
    • Outbound leg time for a 45/180 procedure turn for category B aircraft is 1 minute.
    • A missed approach procedure consists of 3 phases.
    • The steepest descent path permitted for a non-precision approach is 6.5%.

    Approach Segment Specifications

    • Maximum gradient for the final approach segment of a non-precision approach is 6.5%.
    • A 45-degree turn for categories C, D, and E aircraft is executed for 1 minute 15 seconds during a procedure turn.
    • The lowest possible Minimum Descent Height (MDH) for a VOR/DME non-precision approach is 250 ft.

    General Approach Regulations

    • The MDH during a straight-in approach cannot be below the Obstacle Clearance Height (OCH).
    • CAT 1 operation involves a precision approach with a Decision Height (DH) not lower than 200 ft and a Runway Visual Range (RVR) not less than 550 m.
    • If a step-down fix is established, descent should be made to pass the fix not below the specified crossing altitude.

    Obstacle Clearance and Missed Approach

    • Obstacle clearance in the intermediate approach segment reduces from 300m to 150m.
    • The OCA or OCH values for a precision approach (ILS) are based on maintaining a vertical distance of not greater than 6m between the flight paths and glide path antenna.
    • The initial missed approach segment starts at the Missed Approach Point (MAPT) and ends where the climb is established.

    Instrument Approach Parameters

    • Obstacle clearance during initial segments of instrument procedures not in mountainous areas is not less than 300m.
    • In category A aircraft, the reversing turn manoeuvre during the procedure turn takes 2 minutes in still air.
    • The initial sector of a missed approach procedure ends when the climb is established.

    Other Key Information

    • Obstacle clearance in the primary area of the initial approach segment is at least 984 ft.
    • Missed approach procedures are typically based on a minimum climb gradient of 2.5%.
    • The No-Transgression Zone (NOZ) for parallel runway operations extends from the runway threshold to the point where aircraft are established on the localiser.

    RNAV System Definitions

    • An RNAV system allows aircraft to navigate any desired flight path using a combination of ground-based aids and self-contained systems (Correct definition: D).
    • It can use appropriate ground navigation aids or self-contained systems, allowing flexibility in navigation methods.

    Course-Line-Computer Functions

    • The Course-Line-Computer in RNAV automatically selects the two strongest transmitters for Area-Nav-Mode and continues functioning with memory if one transmitter fails (Correct function: D).

    Primary Navigation Inputs

    • The primary navigation inputs for RNAV systems include Nav Aids, Inertial Navigation Systems (INS), and FMC (Flight Management Computer) databases (Correct answer: C).

    Erratic Indications in RNAV

    • Erratic indications can occur when approaching a VOR/DME-based Area Navigation System Phantom Station, particularly at low altitudes and near reception limits (Correct answer: B).

    Precision RNAV (P-RNAV) Accuracy

    • A precision RNAV (P-RNAV) system requires an accuracy of 1 nautical mile standard deviation or better (Correct requirement: C).

    Deviation per Dot on HSI

    • In a 2-dot RNAV system using approach mode, each dot on the Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) represents an angular deviation of 0.5 degrees (Correct deviation: B).

    External Inputs to RNAV

    • The only input from an external system to an Area Navigation System is VOR/DME radial/distance (Correct input: D).

    RNAV Routes Specification

    • RNAV routes are specified using waypoints defined by latitude and longitude based on the WGS 84 system (Correct specification: B).

    Hybrid Navigation Systems

    • Hybrid navigation systems are RNAV systems that merge information from self-contained and externally referenced navigation systems (Correct description: A).

    Self-Contained RNAV Example

    • An example of a self-contained RNAV system is an Inertial Navigation System (INS) (Correct example: D).

    CDI Needle Displacement

    • In VOR/DME area navigation, the displacement of the Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) needle reflects distance off track, with 5 dots indicating 5 nautical miles (Correct representation: C).

    Phantom Stations

    • Phantom stations are defined by radials and ranges from VOR/DME facilities, created when the aircraft's maximum theoretical range exceeds that of the VOR (Correct definition: A).

    RNAV Waypoint Distance Measurement

    • RNAV systems present the range to waypoints as either plan range or slant range, depending on settings (Correct measurement: A).

    Phantom Waypoint Entry

    • To enter a phantom waypoint in a VOR/DME RNAV system, the VOR/DME must be in range when the waypoint is used, though not necessarily at the time of entry (Correct condition: D).

    Dead Reckoning Mode Data

    • In dead reckoning mode, a VOR/DME Area Navigation system operates using TAS, heading, and last computed wind/velocity data (Correct data: D).

    Switching to Dead Reckoning Mode

    • A VOR/DME Area Navigation system switches to dead reckoning mode when it ceases receiving both radial and distance data from stations (Correct circumstance: B).

    Basic VOR/DME Area Navigation Tracking

    • When tracking to a phantom waypoint, the basic VOR/DME system provides crosstrack and alongtrack distance information (Correct information: C).

    Inaccuracy in RNAV with Multiple DME

    • Inaccuracy in RNAV systems using multiple DME can arise from difficulties confirming the aircraft's position within the coverage due to identification issues (Correct reason: C).

    RNAV System Range Read Out

    • An aircraft using a 2D RNAV computer 12 nautical miles from a phantom station will yield a range readout of 12 nautical miles on the onboard display (Correct readout: A).

    Radar Separation and ILS Procedures

    • Minimum radar separation for two aircraft on adjacent parallel ILS localisers is 2 NM.
    • The intermediate missed approach segment ends where 50m obstacle clearance is obtained and can be maintained.
    • Obstacle clearance in the initial segment is guaranteed at 300m (984 ft).
    • The initial missed approach segment ends at the point where the climb is established.

    Approach Criteria and Procedures

    • ILS approach assumes a pilot localiser accuracy of ½ scale.
    • Outbound leg time for a 45/180 procedure turn for category B aircraft is 1 minute.
    • A missed approach procedure consists of 3 phases.
    • The steepest descent path permitted for a non-precision approach is 6.5%.

    Approach Segment Specifications

    • Maximum gradient for the final approach segment of a non-precision approach is 6.5%.
    • A 45-degree turn for categories C, D, and E aircraft is executed for 1 minute 15 seconds during a procedure turn.
    • The lowest possible Minimum Descent Height (MDH) for a VOR/DME non-precision approach is 250 ft.

    General Approach Regulations

    • The MDH during a straight-in approach cannot be below the Obstacle Clearance Height (OCH).
    • CAT 1 operation involves a precision approach with a Decision Height (DH) not lower than 200 ft and a Runway Visual Range (RVR) not less than 550 m.
    • If a step-down fix is established, descent should be made to pass the fix not below the specified crossing altitude.

    Obstacle Clearance and Missed Approach

    • Obstacle clearance in the intermediate approach segment reduces from 300m to 150m.
    • The OCA or OCH values for a precision approach (ILS) are based on maintaining a vertical distance of not greater than 6m between the flight paths and glide path antenna.
    • The initial missed approach segment starts at the Missed Approach Point (MAPT) and ends where the climb is established.

    Instrument Approach Parameters

    • Obstacle clearance during initial segments of instrument procedures not in mountainous areas is not less than 300m.
    • In category A aircraft, the reversing turn manoeuvre during the procedure turn takes 2 minutes in still air.
    • The initial sector of a missed approach procedure ends when the climb is established.

    Other Key Information

    • Obstacle clearance in the primary area of the initial approach segment is at least 984 ft.
    • Missed approach procedures are typically based on a minimum climb gradient of 2.5%.
    • The No-Transgression Zone (NOZ) for parallel runway operations extends from the runway threshold to the point where aircraft are established on the localiser.

    Radar Separation and ILS Procedures

    • Minimum radar separation for two aircraft on adjacent parallel ILS localisers is 2 NM.
    • The intermediate missed approach segment ends where 50m obstacle clearance is obtained and can be maintained.
    • Obstacle clearance in the initial segment is guaranteed at 300m (984 ft).
    • The initial missed approach segment ends at the point where the climb is established.

    Approach Criteria and Procedures

    • ILS approach assumes a pilot localiser accuracy of ½ scale.
    • Outbound leg time for a 45/180 procedure turn for category B aircraft is 1 minute.
    • A missed approach procedure consists of 3 phases.
    • The steepest descent path permitted for a non-precision approach is 6.5%.

    Approach Segment Specifications

    • Maximum gradient for the final approach segment of a non-precision approach is 6.5%.
    • A 45-degree turn for categories C, D, and E aircraft is executed for 1 minute 15 seconds during a procedure turn.
    • The lowest possible Minimum Descent Height (MDH) for a VOR/DME non-precision approach is 250 ft.

    General Approach Regulations

    • The MDH during a straight-in approach cannot be below the Obstacle Clearance Height (OCH).
    • CAT 1 operation involves a precision approach with a Decision Height (DH) not lower than 200 ft and a Runway Visual Range (RVR) not less than 550 m.
    • If a step-down fix is established, descent should be made to pass the fix not below the specified crossing altitude.

    Obstacle Clearance and Missed Approach

    • Obstacle clearance in the intermediate approach segment reduces from 300m to 150m.
    • The OCA or OCH values for a precision approach (ILS) are based on maintaining a vertical distance of not greater than 6m between the flight paths and glide path antenna.
    • The initial missed approach segment starts at the Missed Approach Point (MAPT) and ends where the climb is established.

    Instrument Approach Parameters

    • Obstacle clearance during initial segments of instrument procedures not in mountainous areas is not less than 300m.
    • In category A aircraft, the reversing turn manoeuvre during the procedure turn takes 2 minutes in still air.
    • The initial sector of a missed approach procedure ends when the climb is established.

    Other Key Information

    • Obstacle clearance in the primary area of the initial approach segment is at least 984 ft.
    • Missed approach procedures are typically based on a minimum climb gradient of 2.5%.
    • The No-Transgression Zone (NOZ) for parallel runway operations extends from the runway threshold to the point where aircraft are established on the localiser.

    Radar Separation and ILS Procedures

    • Minimum radar separation for two aircraft on adjacent parallel ILS localisers is 2 NM.
    • The intermediate missed approach segment ends where 50m obstacle clearance is obtained and can be maintained.
    • Obstacle clearance in the initial segment is guaranteed at 300m (984 ft).
    • The initial missed approach segment ends at the point where the climb is established.

    Approach Criteria and Procedures

    • ILS approach assumes a pilot localiser accuracy of ½ scale.
    • Outbound leg time for a 45/180 procedure turn for category B aircraft is 1 minute.
    • A missed approach procedure consists of 3 phases.
    • The steepest descent path permitted for a non-precision approach is 6.5%.

    Approach Segment Specifications

    • Maximum gradient for the final approach segment of a non-precision approach is 6.5%.
    • A 45-degree turn for categories C, D, and E aircraft is executed for 1 minute 15 seconds during a procedure turn.
    • The lowest possible Minimum Descent Height (MDH) for a VOR/DME non-precision approach is 250 ft.

    General Approach Regulations

    • The MDH during a straight-in approach cannot be below the Obstacle Clearance Height (OCH).
    • CAT 1 operation involves a precision approach with a Decision Height (DH) not lower than 200 ft and a Runway Visual Range (RVR) not less than 550 m.
    • If a step-down fix is established, descent should be made to pass the fix not below the specified crossing altitude.

    Obstacle Clearance and Missed Approach

    • Obstacle clearance in the intermediate approach segment reduces from 300m to 150m.
    • The OCA or OCH values for a precision approach (ILS) are based on maintaining a vertical distance of not greater than 6m between the flight paths and glide path antenna.
    • The initial missed approach segment starts at the Missed Approach Point (MAPT) and ends where the climb is established.

    Instrument Approach Parameters

    • Obstacle clearance during initial segments of instrument procedures not in mountainous areas is not less than 300m.
    • In category A aircraft, the reversing turn manoeuvre during the procedure turn takes 2 minutes in still air.
    • The initial sector of a missed approach procedure ends when the climb is established.

    Other Key Information

    • Obstacle clearance in the primary area of the initial approach segment is at least 984 ft.
    • Missed approach procedures are typically based on a minimum climb gradient of 2.5%.
    • The No-Transgression Zone (NOZ) for parallel runway operations extends from the runway threshold to the point where aircraft are established on the localiser.

    Radar Separation in ILS Operations

    • Minimum radar separation between two aircraft on adjacent parallel ILS localisers is 2 nautical miles.

    Missed Approach Segments

    • The intermediate missed approach segment ends where a 50m obstacle clearance is achieved and maintained.
    • Initial missed approach segment concludes when the climb is established.

    Obstacle Clearance

    • Initial segment guarantees 300 meters (984 feet) obstacle clearance.
    • Obstacle clearance in the intermediate approach segment reduces from 300m to 150m.

    Procedure Turns

    • For a 45/180 procedure turn, the outbound leg time for a Category B aircraft is 1 minute.
    • In a procedure turn, a 45-degree turn away from the outbound track for categories C, D, E aircraft lasts 1 minute and 15 seconds.

    Approach Max Gradients

    • The steepest descent path permitted for a non-precision approach is 6.5%.
    • Maximum gradient for the final approach segment of a non-precision approach is 6.5%.

    Minimum Descent Heights

    • The lowest possible Minimum Descent Height (MDH) for a VOR/DME non-precision approach is 250 feet.
    • During a straight-in approach, the MDH cannot be below the Obstacle Clearance Height (OCH).

    CAT 1 Operations

    • CAT 1 operation uses a precision approach with a Decision Height (DH) not lower than 200 feet and a Runway Visual Range (RVR) not less than 550 meters.

    Step-Down Fixes

    • When a step-down fix is established, descent should occur so as to pass the fix not below the specified crossing altitude.

    OCA and OCH Calculations

    • Values for OCA or OCH in precision approaches are based on a vertical distance of not greater than 6 meters between flight paths of wheels and glide path antenna.

    Initial Missed Approach Segment

    • The initial missed approach segment begins at the Missed Approach Point (MAPT) and ends when the climb is established.

    Arrival and Initial Segments

    • During arrival and initial segments of an instrument procedure, obstacle clearance is guaranteed at not less than 300 meters.

    Reversing Turn Maneuvers

    • A Category A aircraft's reversing turn maneuver, known as the 80/260 procedure turn, takes 2 minutes in still air.

    End of Initial Missed Approach

    • The initial sector of a missed approach procedure concludes when the climb is established.

    Obstacle Clearance in Initial Approach

    • Obstacle clearance in the primary area of the initial approach segment is at least 984 feet.

    Missed Approach Procedure Climb Gradient

    • Missed approach procedures are generally based on a minimum climb gradient of 2.5%.

    No-Obstacle Zone (NOZ)

    • The NOZ for parallel runway operations extends from the runway threshold to the point where aircraft are established on the localiser, ensuring no interference with landing operations.

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    Test your knowledge on key aviation procedures such as PANS-OPS, precision approaches, and STAR. This quiz will cover important concepts related to aircraft operations and navigation services. Perfect for aviation enthusiasts and professionals alike!

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