Aviation Navigation and Time Conversions

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Questions and Answers

How many minutes are represented by an angular arc of 1 degree?

4 minutes (correct)

15 minutes

60 minutes

9 minutes

What is the total time in hours and minutes when converting 127° of arc?

8 hours 45 minutes

8 hours 15 minutes

8 hours 28 minutes (correct)

8 hours 10 minutes

When converting LMT to UTC, what happens if you are at a longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian?

LMT is less advanced

UTC is less advanced (correct)

UTC is more advanced

LMT remains unchanged

How do you convert 17 minutes into decimal form for conversion purposes?

Divide by 60 Signup and view all the answers

What is UTC primarily used for in aviation?

As a reference time Signup and view all the answers

If 6.4189 hours is rounded to the nearest minute, how many minutes does it convert to?

25 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What does 15' (minutes of arc) convert to in terms of time?

1 minute Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly expresses the conversion of 096°17' of arc into decimal form?

096.283° Signup and view all the answers

What defines the magnetic pole in navigation?

The horizontal direction indicated by a freely suspended magnet influenced only by Earth's magnetic field Signup and view all the answers

When there is no variation between Magnetic North and True North, what is observed?

The variation is considered to be nil Signup and view all the answers

If an aircraft's heading is pointing towards 122° relative to Magnetic North, and 105° relative to True North, what is the angle of variation?

17° W Signup and view all the answers

Which direction is indicated when a magnetic direction is described as 088(M)?

The aircraft is heading into an Easterly variation Signup and view all the answers

What happens to Magnetic North direction when variation is noted to be 17° E?

Magnetic North is to the East of True North Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the direction towards which the fore and aft axis of an aircraft is pointing?

Heading Signup and view all the answers

How is variation typically expressed?

In degrees East or West from True North Signup and view all the answers

What does a positive angle of variation indicate about Magnetic North?

Magnetic North is to the East of True North Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for a line connecting places of equal magnetic variation on an aeronautical chart?

Isogonal Line Signup and view all the answers

In the context of magnetic variation, what does the term 'Variation East' imply?

Magnetic North is less than True North. Signup and view all the answers

What is the angle of deviation when the aircraft's compass indicates 135° while the relative Magnetic North is 125°?

10°W Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following materials will NOT affect the magnetic compass on an aircraft?

Aluminium Signup and view all the answers

If an aircraft's True North direction is 100° and the Magnetic North direction is 125°, what could be inferred about the variation?

It is Easterly variation. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the angle of deviation in aviation navigation?

The angle between Compass North and Magnetic North. Signup and view all the answers

How is a Westerly deviation indicated when converting from the magnetic direction to the compass direction?

As a negative angle. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Agonal lines is true?

They show lines of zero magnetic variation. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the local date when an aircraft crosses the International Date Line heading west?

The date is advanced by one day Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard time for the UK throughout the year?

UTC Signup and view all the answers

How do time zones vary for longitudes to the east and west of the Prime Meridian?

Places east are ahead of UTC and places west are behind Signup and view all the answers

Why is one standard time not sufficient for countries like Canada, Australia, and the United States?

They have multiple time zones due to their size Signup and view all the answers

What is the LMT at the International Date Line at 180°?

12 hours behind UTC Signup and view all the answers

What does UTC stand for in the context of time zones?

Universal Coordinated Time Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding longitude and UTC?

Longitudes east of the Prime Meridian have more advanced time Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the local mean time (LMT) due to the adoption of standard time across territories?

LMT is modified for convenience by local governments Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the angle formed by the Earth's magnetic field lines with the surface at any given location?

Angle of Dip Signup and view all the answers

Which line connects locations that experience zero magnetic dip?

Aclinic Line Signup and view all the answers

What are the components that the total magnetic force T can be resolved into?

H and Z Signup and view all the answers

Which category does permanent magnetism, often referred to as hard iron magnetism, fall under?

Permanent Magnetism Signup and view all the answers

What type of magnetism is influenced by complex electric and electronic devices on an aircraft?

Transient Induced Magnetism Signup and view all the answers

Which parameters represent hard iron magnetism according to the classification provided?

P, Q, R Signup and view all the answers

How does a local magnetic field affect an aircraft's compass?

It can cause deviation from the local magnetic meridian. Signup and view all the answers

At which location would the angle of dip be nearly 90°?

At the magnetic poles Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates hard iron from soft iron in terms of magnetism?

Hard iron exhibits permanent magnetism, while soft iron exhibits temporary magnetism. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes materials that have 'sub-permanent' magnetism?

They can be easily magnetised but lose magnetism quickly. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does Earth's magnetic field have on a freely suspended magnetised needle?

Its red pole points toward the Earth's magnetic North pole. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to magnetic dip as one moves from the North magnetic pole towards the South magnetic pole?

The red end initially points down, becomes horizontal at the equator, and then the blue end points towards the Earth. Signup and view all the answers

How does Earth's magnetic field create magnetic variation?

By positioning a hypothetical permanent magnet in the center of the Earth offset from the spin axis. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to magnetic lines of force near the Earth's magnetic equator?

They become parallel to the Earth's surface. Signup and view all the answers

Which materials are most likely to exhibit permanent magnetism?

Steel containing cobalt or chromium. Signup and view all the answers

What does a Magnetic Meridian represent?

The line that joins the two magnetic poles. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Earth is an oblate spheroid, meaning it is wider at the equator than at the poles.
The difference in diameter is approximately 1/300th of the equatorial diameter.
This difference is 27 statute miles, or 23 nautical miles, or 43 kilometers, or 0.3%.
The Earth's orbit around the Sun is elliptical, with the Sun at one focus.
The Earth's spin axis is tilted at 66.5° to its orbital plane.
The Earth's spin axis is tilted at 23½° to the orbital plane and the sun's axis is perpendicular to the plane.
The Earth’s poles are the points where the axis of rotation meets the Earth's surface.
The Earth rotates from West to East.
Basic directions are: North, South, East, West, and the four quadrantal directions (e.g., North-West).
The Sexagesimal System: directions are measured in degrees (0° to 360°)
Three-figure directions are used.
Reciprocal directions are also used to describe opposite directions.
Cartesian coordinate system: the Earth's surface is represented using latitude and longitude.
Great Circle: a circle on the Earth's surface that passes through the centre of the Earth. It provides the shortest distance between two points.
Small Circle: a circle on the Earth's surface that does not pass through the centre of the Earth. Parallels of latitude are examples of small circles.
The Equator: a great circle that divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheres, and the plane of the equator is perpendicular to the Earth's axis of rotation.
Meridians: semi-great circles connecting the North and South poles. They are used to measure longitude.
The Prime Meridian: the zero-degree meridian. It passes through Greenwich, England. It is used to define the reference for longitude.
Parallels of Latitude: small circles parallel to the equator, used to describe latitude, which are used to locate positions North or South of the Equator.
Rhumb line: a line on a map that crosses all meridians at the same angle. This is not the shortest route.
Graticule: a network of meridians and parallels of latitude on a map or globe, analogous to an x-y grid.

Kilometer (km): 1/10,000th of the average distance between the Equator and a pole (10,000 km). Earth's circumference is 40,000 km.
Statute mile (sm): 5280 feet.
Nautical mile (nm): 6080 feet, or 1 minute of latitude or longitude (at the equator)
Conversion factors between nautical miles, statute miles, kilometers, feet, etc.
Great Circle Distances: the distance between two points calculated across the shortest surface distance, (important for aircraft flight paths)
Determining the shortest route between two points (on the same meridian, on the same hemisphere or on opposite hemispheres, either on the globe or a map)
Departure (E/W): the distance between meridians at a given parallel of latitude
Formula for calculating departure: Departure (nm) = D Long x cos of Latitude
True Direction: This is related to the geographic north and south poles. The Earth does have two magnetic poles that have a gentle wobble, but are not always exactly aligned with the geographic poles, and these do vary year to year.
Magnetic Direction: defined by measuring the angle from magnetic north, clockwise, through 360°.
Variation: the angle between True North and Magnetic North. (East or West)
Isogonal Lines: lines on aeronautical charts connecting points of equal magnetic variation.
Agonal Lines: lines on charts showing points of zero magnetic variation.
Deviation: the angle between Magnetic North and Compass North. (East or West)

Terrestrial Magnetism: the magnetic field produced by the Earth; has a north and south pole. These poles are not located in exactly the same places as the geographic North and South poles.
Aircraft Magnetism: caused by the large amount of ferromagnetic material in the plane's structure. The resultant local magnetic field can affect compass readings causing errors that can be corrected.
Charts: these are a representation of the Earth’s surface
Triangle of Velocities: Using graphs (or computers), wind velocity, aircraft heading and speed, wind speed and direction to calculate the ground speed and direction of motion.
1 in 60 Rule: A rule of thumb that assumes one degree of error equals a distance of 60 nm along the track, and that one degree of change in the track direction (wind drift) will amount to one nautical mile difference (between the heading and track).

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Description

This quiz covers important concepts in aviation navigation, including the conversion of degrees of arc to time and the relationship between Magnetic North and True North. Test your knowledge on how angular measurements are used in aviation and their practical implications.