Avian Influenza Transmission and Symptoms

The treatment for animal bites includes injecting ______ first

To achieve muscular relaxation, injection of ______ is necessary

Proper hygiene and cleanliness should be observed during castration and other ______ procedures

Sheep should be given 2 injections based ______ weeks apart to develop immunity

It is advisable to carry out two vaccinations at an interval of six months followed by an annual ______ programme

Rabies is a disease of dogs, foxes, wolves, hyaenas, and in some places, it is a disease of ______

Newcastle disease is a severe, systemic, and fatal viral disease of ______ due to virulent strains of avian paramyxovirus type 1.

Clinical signs in unvaccinated birds include sudden death, lethargy, and respiratory ______.

Diagnosis is based on laboratory ______.

Vaccines prevent clinical signs but not ______, and the control of the disease is challenging in enzootic regions.

Birds that survive peracute AI infection may develop CNS involvement evident as torticollis, opisthotonos, incoordination, paralysis, and drooping ______.

Microscopic lesions are highly variable in both location and severity, and they may consist of edema, hemorrhage, and necrosis in parenchymal cells of multiple visceral organs, the skin, and the ______.

Engorging adult ticks pick up the infection and nymphal and adult stages (not larval stages) of the next generation pass it on to other ________.

Outbreaks can occur in endemic areas if exposure to ticks by young animals is interrupted or immuno-naïve ________ are introduced.

The introduction of babesia infected ticks into previously tick-free areas may also lead to outbreaks of ________.

Clinical symptoms for babesia divergens are similar to b. ________ infections.

Sick animals can be treated with an ________ drug.

The outcome is almost always fatal when the nervous symptoms of cerebral babesiosis develop, dark colored urine, ________, ________, anorexia animals likely to separate from the herd.

During initial infection, there is usually some extent of ______ which can result in outbreaks of other diseases.

Older animals are usually highly resistant to clinical disease, but not totally resistant to infection, especially around ______.

Such events in clinically normal animals allow infection to persist on premises and act as an infection source for young susceptible ______.

Further illness after previous exposure occurs rarely, usually due to other problems in specific animals such as ______ or intercurrent illness.

Corticosteroid injections allow coccidia to complete their life cycle and shed ______.

Illness occurs more often ______ because of lower exposure rates outdoors

Coccidia are opportunistic ______

Problems can also be related to stresses such as weaning, grouping, shipping, sudden feed changes, or ______ changes

Most disease occurs from about 1-3 months old, although in animals born outside, it may be up to 1 ______

Usually clinical signs are less severe in older animals, provided they are not exposed to new farm environments and are not ______

Clinical coccidiosis normally develops because of high oocyst exposure or various stressors on the hosts such as poor nutrition, nutritional deficiencies, overcrowding, poor sanitation, or ______ disease