SEM_11_Avian and Horse Stomach Anatomy
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following describes the development of the oesophagus?

  • Formation of single-chambered and multi-chambered stomach
  • Rotational events giving rise to the definitive shape and position of the stomach
  • Changes that take place in the midgut to form the adult small and large intestines
  • Starting from the oral cavity, where food enters the mouth, continuing through the pharynx (correct)

    • What is involved in the comparative development of the intestinal tract in domestic mammals?

  • Formation of single-chambered and multi-chambered stomach
  • Development of the serous body cavities and diaphragm
  • Consideration of congenital abnormalities in the development of the digestive system
  • Changes that take place in the midgut to form the adult small and large intestines (correct)

    • What do the serous body cavities and diaphragm relate to in the digestive system development?

  • Consideration of congenital abnormalities in the development of the digestive system
  • Development of the serous body cavities and diaphragm (correct)
  • Formation of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
  • Changes that take place in the midgut to form the adult small and large intestines

    • What describes the developmental process of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas in the digestive system?

    <p>Rotational events giving rise to the definitive shape and position of the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structure is formed as a consequence of the rotation of the stomach and liver?

    <p>Pancreatic body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common drainage system formed by the overlapping and fusion of the dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds?

    <p>Pancreatic duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which species do both pancreatic ducts persist in their entirety?

    <p>Humans, horses, and dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the endodermal cells of the pancreatic buds give rise to in a glandular-fashion way?

    <p>Pancreatic ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the pancreas constitutes the exocrine part?

    <p>Secretory acini</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the clusters of endodermal cells develop into after losing their connections with the duct system?

    <p>Insulin-producing cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the pancreas do glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin producing cell populations gradually differentiate into?

    <p>Pancreatic islets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the left and right lobes of the pancreas derived?

    <p>From the dorsal bud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium is found in the non-glandular part of the bird's stomach?

    <p>Stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals has a single-chambered stomach?

    <p>Horse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many compartments does the ruminant stomach consist of?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about ruminant animals' stomachs?

    <p>They have complex stomachs composed of pouches and dilatations of a simple stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many rotations does the stomach undergo during development to assume its final position?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which portion does the liver develop?

    <p>Foregut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the hepatic bud form?

    <p>Intrahepatic bile ducts and liver cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the ventral pancreatic bud grow attached to during development?

    <p>Ventral mesogastrium near the liver and descending duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the dorsal pancreatic bud form?

    <p>Accessory pancreatic duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which direction does the first rotation of the stomach occur during development?

    <p>Counter-clockwise around a caudo-cranial axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organ does the pancreas originate from?

    <p>Foregut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part becomes the gallbladder during development?

    <p>Cystic part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which embryonic layer gives rise to the epithelial lining of the gut, including the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and digestive glands?

    <p>Endoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What breaks down to form the oral cavity, while the stomodeum becomes the origin of the tongue and salivary glands?

    <p>Oropharyngeal membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the digestive tract develops from the spindle-shaped dilatation in the caudal part of the foregut?

    <p>Stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In most species, what gives rise to the muscular layer and connective tissues surrounding the esophagus?

    <p>Mesoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the digestive system has a varying degree of striated and smooth musculature in most species?

    <p>Esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed as a consequence of the rotation of the stomach and liver?

    <p>Greater omentum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the stomach exhibits species-specific regional differences in its epithelium lining?

    <p>Cardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In birds and ruminants, what kind of structure does the stomach have?

    <p>Multi-chambered structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes a tube that connects the mouth to the stomach in the digestive tract?

    <p>Esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of epithelium lining does the stomach have?

    <p>Simple columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What region of the digestive tract exhibits species-specific regional differences in its epithelium lining such as in horses and pigs?

    <p>Stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gives rise to the smooth muscles and connective tissues of the digestive system?

    <p>Mesoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structure is formed as a consequence of the rotation of the stomach and liver?

    <p>Common drainage system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes the exocrine part of the pancreas?

    <p>Pancreatic ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which species do both pancreatic ducts persist in their entirety?

    <p>Dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which portion does the liver develop?

    <p>Hepatic diverticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part becomes the gallbladder during development?

    <p>Hepatic diverticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gives rise to the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)?

    <p>Endocrine cells of the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lining does the stomach have?

    <p>Simple columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the endodermal cells of the pancreatic buds give rise to in a glandular-fashion way?

    <p>Pancreatic ducts and associated secretory acini</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What region of the digestive tract exhibits species-specific regional differences in its epithelium lining?

    <p>Stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the pancreas constitutes the exocrine part?

    <p>Pancreatic ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the embryonic origin of the first part of the duodenum that is fixed to the liver via the bile duct?

    <p>Caudal end of the foregut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During embryo development, what process involves the displacement of the midgut loop out of the abdominal cavity through the umbilical cord?

    <p>Physiological umbilical herniation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the midgut gives rise to the caecum, ascending colon, and the first two-thirds of the transverse colon?

    <p>Midgut loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the elongation of the tubular embryonic gut in the formation of the intestinal tract?

    <p>Formation of a midgut loop with mesentery artery at its center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During early embryonic development, the cloaca gets partitioned into the rectum and urogenital sinus in mammals. What happens if the anal membrane persists?

    <p>It can result in anal atresia or imperforate anus, leading to communication between the rectum and urethra (males) or vagina (females)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body cavity is formed by the fusion of the left and right coelomic cavities during early development?

    <p>Peritoneal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the embryonic thorax, which structure surrounds the heart and the spaces surrounding the lungs?

    <p>Pericardial cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What eventually separates the ventral pericardial cavity and the dorsal pleural cavities during development?

    <p>Bilateral pleuropericardial folds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What becomes the urinary bladder and urethra in mammals as a result of early embryonic development?

    <p>Urogenital sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the gut is initially trapped between the left and right coelomic cavities during abdominal development?

    <p>Mesenteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the coelomic cavities later divide into during early development?

    <p>Peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed as a consequence of the rotation of the stomach and liver during development?

    <p>Pleuropericardial folds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the developing embryo, the mesoderm surrounding the oesophagus, nerves, and vessels that run along the thorax between both pleural cavities fuses with which membranes?

    <p>Septum transversum and dorsal oesophageal mesentery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What atrophies to result in the formation of a single pericardial cavity in the developing embryo?

    <p>Mesocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which embryonic structure gives rise to an initial barrier separating the heart from the liver?

    <p>Septum transversum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from the absence or partial formation of the diaphragm in the developing embryo?

    <p>Pulmonary hypoplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the diaphragm develops from muscle fibers that grow into the oesophageal mesentery?

    <p>Crura of the diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure allows abdominal organs to move into the chest cavity, compressing the heart and lungs, if it is absent or partially formed?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which anatomical structure do the phrenic nerves stretch all along the thoracic cavity to innervate the diaphragm’s musculature?

    <p>Dorsal oesophageal mesentery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed by body wall mesenchymal tissue that splits off medially and fuses with other components during diaphragm development?

    <p>Diaphragmatic membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a small deficiency in the closure of which canal occurs, it can lead to a congenital diaphragmatic hernia?

    <p>Pleuroperitoneal canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the diaphragm arises from different parts of the embryo including the septum transversum and dorsal oesophageal mesentery?

    <p>Crura of the diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The coelomic cavities are transversally divided by the formation of which critical structure with a role in respiration?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the development of the midgut loop, in which direction does the rotation occur?

    <p>Clockwise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arterial supply to the intestine during development?

    <p>Cranial mesenteric artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the gut forms the U-shaped duodenum during development?

    <p>Cranial part of the midgut loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What congenital anomalies can result from failure in the vitelline duct involution?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is omphalocele, a rare abdominal wall defect, characterized by?

    <p>Organs remaining outside of the abdomen in a sac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes a congenital umbilical hernia?

    <p>Part of the intestine protruding through the umbilical opening in the abdominal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of temporary atresia (no lumen) during intestinal development?

    <p>Re-canalisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure separates the small intestine from the large intestine during development?

    <p>Caecum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Meckel's diverticulum' is a congenital anomaly resulting from failure in which process?

    <p>'Vitelline duct involution'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from a failure to establish a landmark separating the small intestine from the large intestine during development?

    <p>Meckel's diverticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed by body wall mesenchymal tissue that splits off medially and fuses with other components during diaphragm development?

    <p>Diaphragmatic hernia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During embryonic development, what structure initially separates the heart from the liver?

    <p>Septum transversum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from the absence or partial formation of the diaphragm in the developing embryo?

    <p>Congenital diaphragmatic hernia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the diaphragm arises from muscle fibres that grow into the oesophageal mesentery?

    <p>Crura of the diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can result from a small deficiency in the closure of the pleuroperitoneal canal during development?

    <p>Congenital diaphragmatic hernia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which part of the embryo do the crura of the diaphragm develop?

    <p>Dorsal oesophageal mesentery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed by body wall mesenchymal tissue that splits off medially and fuses with other components during diaphragm development?

    <p>Congenital diaphragmatic hernia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stretches all along the thoracic cavity to innervate the diaphragm’s musculature?

    <p>Phrenic nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure results from the atrophy of the mesocardium during embryonic development?

    <p>Single pericardial cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of defect allows abdominal organs to move into the chest cavity, compressing the heart and lungs, if it is absent or partially formed?

    <p>Pleuroperitoneal folds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What arises from different parts of the embryo including the septum transversum and dorsal oesophageal mesentery, forming a domed musculotendinous structure with a critical role in respiration?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • The endoderm of the foregut gives rise to the epithelial lining of various parts of the gut, including the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and digestive glands.

    • The oropharyngeal membrane, which separates the foregut from the outside world, breaks down and forms the oral cavity, while the stomodeum, a depression in the ectoderm, becomes the origin of the tongue and salivary glands.

    • The midgut derivatives include the small intestines, caecum, and ascending colon, while the hindgut derivatives are the transverse and descending colon and the rectum.

    • The wall of the gut is made up of both an inner epithelial lining and a surrounding layer of visceral mesoderm, which gives rise to the smooth muscles and connective tissues of the digestive system.

    • The oesophagus develops from the foregut, caudal to the pharynx, and is surrounded by mesoderm which gives rise to the muscular layer and connective tissues. In most species, the oesophagus has a varying degree of striated and smooth musculature.

    • The stomach develops from a spindle-shaped dilatation in the caudal part of the foregut, which is later divided into the greater and lesser omentum. In monogastric animals, the stomach is a simple, flattened C-shaped sac with a convex greater curvature and a concave lesser curvature, while in birds and ruminants, it has a multi-chambered structure.

    • The esophagus and stomach are two distinct parts of the digestive tract, with the esophagus being a tube that connects the mouth to the stomach, and the stomach being a sac that begins the process of digestion.

    • The stomach has a simple columnar epithelium lining, which later exhibits species-specific regional differences. For example, in horses and pigs, stratified squamous epithelium replaces columnar epithelium in defined gastric regions.

    • The cloaca is the common chamber of the hindgut in early embryonic development, which later gets partitioned into the rectum and urogenital sinus in mammals.

    • The dorsal component of the cloaca forms the rectum and anal canal, with the anal membrane eventually degenerating. If the anal membrane persists, it can result in anal atresia or imperforate anus, leading to communication between the rectum and urethra (males) or vagina (females).

    • The ventral component of the cloaca forms the urogenital sinus, which eventually becomes the urinary bladder and urethra.

    • The coelomic cavities are initially formed as a single cavity in the lateral plate mesoderm and later divided to give rise to the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities.

    • The peritoneal cavity is the largest of the three body cavities, formed by the fusion of the left and right coelomic cavities, with the coelomic epithelium transforming into the peritoneum.

    • In the abdominal region, the gut is trapped between the left and right coelomic cavities, which surround the developing gut and form the mesenteries and other visceral ligaments.

    • In the embryonic thorax, the ventral part of the coelomic cavity becomes the pericardial cavity, which surrounds the heart, and the pleural cavities, which are the spaces surrounding the lungs. As the lungs grow, the pleural cavities enlarge and carve into the body wall. The coelomic wall surrounding the lung transforms into the pleura, while the coelomic part enveloping the heart forms the pericardium. Eventually, the ventral pericardial cavity and the dorsal pleural cavities are separated by the growth of bilateral pleuropericardial folds.

    • The haematopoiesis process causes the intestines to return to the abdominal cavity, attached only by a dorsal mesentery

    • The main arterial supply to the intestine is the cranial mesenteric artery, which runs longitudinally in the centre of the dorsal mesentery

    • The caecum, a part of the midgut loop, develops as an outgrowth of the caudal limb and establishes a landmark separating the small intestine from the large intestine

    • The midgut loop undergoes a clockwise rotation around the mesentery artery, resulting in a full rotation of about 360 degrees

    • The cranial part of the midgut loop forms the U-shaped duodenum, which is attached to the liver by the common bile duct and begins near the right side of the abdominal cavity

    • The jejunum is the more mobile part of the gut, developing many coils and intestinal loops occupying most of the ventral abdominal cavity

    • The ileum is a short portion located next to the caecum

    • Failure in the vitelline duct involution can result in congenital anomalies such as umbilical fistula, Meckel's diverticulum, and vitelline cysts

    • The intestines and oesophagus undergo temporary atresia (no lumen) during development, but re-canalisation occurs and congenital atresia or stenosis can occur as a result of failure to re-canalise

    • A congenital umbilical hernia occurs when part of the intestine protrudes through the umbilical opening in the abdominal muscles

    • Omphalocele is a rare abdominal wall defect in which the intestines, liver, and other organs remain outside of the abdomen in a sac due to a defect in the development of the muscles of the abdominal wall.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the anatomical differences between the stomachs of birds and horses. Explore the development of gastric glands and the presence of different types of epithelium.

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