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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the action of sympathomimetic drugs?
Which of the following best describes the action of sympathomimetic drugs?
- Enhance the effects of parasympathetic nerve stimulation.
- Block the effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation. (correct)
- Inhibit the release of norepinephrine.
- Mimic the effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation.
A patient is experiencing nasal congestion. Which alpha-adrenergic agonist would be most appropriate for local decongestion?
A patient is experiencing nasal congestion. Which alpha-adrenergic agonist would be most appropriate for local decongestion?
- Isoprenaline
- Naphazoline (correct)
- Clonidine
- Dobutamine
A patient with asthma is prescribed salbutamol. Which receptor does salbutamol primarily target to relieve bronchoconstriction?
A patient with asthma is prescribed salbutamol. Which receptor does salbutamol primarily target to relieve bronchoconstriction?
- Muscarinic receptors
- Beta-2 adrenergic receptors
- Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors (correct)
- Beta-1 adrenergic receptors
A patient is given noradrenaline. What cardiovascular effects are most likely to be observed?
A patient is given noradrenaline. What cardiovascular effects are most likely to be observed?
What is the primary mechanism of action of clonidine in treating hypertension?
What is the primary mechanism of action of clonidine in treating hypertension?
Which of the following describes the mechanism of action of indirect sympathomimetics?
Which of the following describes the mechanism of action of indirect sympathomimetics?
A patient is experiencing a hypertensive crisis. Which alpha-adrenergic antagonist would be most appropriate for rapid blood pressure reduction?
A patient is experiencing a hypertensive crisis. Which alpha-adrenergic antagonist would be most appropriate for rapid blood pressure reduction?
What is a key difference between direct and indirect sympatholytic agents regarding their mechanism of action?
What is a key difference between direct and indirect sympatholytic agents regarding their mechanism of action?
Which beta-blocker property is most responsible for its effectiveness in treating cardiac arrhythmias?
Which beta-blocker property is most responsible for its effectiveness in treating cardiac arrhythmias?
What is a primary contraindication for using non-selective beta-blockers in patients with respiratory conditions?
What is a primary contraindication for using non-selective beta-blockers in patients with respiratory conditions?
Which of the following describes the mechanism by which alpha-methyl dopa reduces blood pressure?
Which of the following describes the mechanism by which alpha-methyl dopa reduces blood pressure?
A patient presents with symptoms of bradycardia, hypotension, and increased salivation. Which type of drug overdose should be suspected?
A patient presents with symptoms of bradycardia, hypotension, and increased salivation. Which type of drug overdose should be suspected?
What explains why acetylcholine has limited clinical use despite its potent cholinergic effects??
What explains why acetylcholine has limited clinical use despite its potent cholinergic effects??
Which muscarinic receptor subtype is primarily responsible for stimulating gastric acid secretion?
Which muscarinic receptor subtype is primarily responsible for stimulating gastric acid secretion?
A patient is prescribed pilocarpine eye drops. What condition is this medication most likely treating?
A patient is prescribed pilocarpine eye drops. What condition is this medication most likely treating?
What is the primary mechanism of action of indirect parasympathomimetic drugs?
What is the primary mechanism of action of indirect parasympathomimetic drugs?
A patient is experiencing muscle weakness associated with myasthenia gravis. Which medication would be most appropriate to improve muscle strength?
A patient is experiencing muscle weakness associated with myasthenia gravis. Which medication would be most appropriate to improve muscle strength?
What are the expected effects of irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on autonomic and neuromuscular functions?
What are the expected effects of irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on autonomic and neuromuscular functions?
A patient is experiencing excessive salivation and bronchospasm due to accidental exposure to an organophosphate insecticide. What medication would be most appropriate as an antidote?
A patient is experiencing excessive salivation and bronchospasm due to accidental exposure to an organophosphate insecticide. What medication would be most appropriate as an antidote?
Which effect is most likely to be observed following the administration of scopolamine?
Which effect is most likely to be observed following the administration of scopolamine?
Which condition would be considered a contraindication for the use of atropine?
Which condition would be considered a contraindication for the use of atropine?
A patient is prescribed N-butylscopolamine for abdominal cramping. What is the primary mechanism of action of this medication?
A patient is prescribed N-butylscopolamine for abdominal cramping. What is the primary mechanism of action of this medication?
What is the intended effect of botulinum toxin (Botox) when used to treat dystonia?
What is the intended effect of botulinum toxin (Botox) when used to treat dystonia?
What are the key components of the autonomic nervous system?
What are the key components of the autonomic nervous system?
What are the primary functions of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What are the primary functions of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary neurotransmitter used by sympathetic postganglionic neurons?
What is the primary neurotransmitter used by sympathetic postganglionic neurons?
What are the main classes of sympathomimetic drugs?
What are the main classes of sympathomimetic drugs?
Which drug is primarily used for its vasoconstrictive effects in treating hypotension?
Which drug is primarily used for its vasoconstrictive effects in treating hypotension?
In which clinical situation is noradrenaline typically used?
In which clinical situation is noradrenaline typically used?
Which drug is known for acting on alpha-2 presynaptic receptors and is used as an antihypertensive?
Which drug is known for acting on alpha-2 presynaptic receptors and is used as an antihypertensive?
What is the primary use of salbutamol?
What is the primary use of salbutamol?
What is a common adverse effect of isoprenaline?
What is a common adverse effect of isoprenaline?
In which clinical scenario is adrenaline typically used?
In which clinical scenario is adrenaline typically used?
Which adrenergic receptor subtypes does adrenaline affect?
Which adrenergic receptor subtypes does adrenaline affect?
Dobutamine is typically used for which purpose?
Dobutamine is typically used for which purpose?
What is a potential adverse effect of adrenergic drugs?
What is a potential adverse effect of adrenergic drugs?
Which condition does prazosin treat?
Which condition does prazosin treat?
What is the primary mechanism of action of beta-blockers?
What is the primary mechanism of action of beta-blockers?
What is a major contraindication for using beta-blockers?
What is a major contraindication for using beta-blockers?
What best describes the effect of Pilocarpine?
What best describes the effect of Pilocarpine?
Flashcards
Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Nervous system that controls internal functions automatically.
Sympathetic System
Sympathetic System
Part of the nervous system that is related to energy production
Direct Sympathomimetics
Direct Sympathomimetics
Acts on muscle fibers directly.
Indirect Sympathomimetics
Indirect Sympathomimetics
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Phenylephrine Effects
Phenylephrine Effects
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Noradrenaline Injection
Noradrenaline Injection
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Isoprenaline Use
Isoprenaline Use
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Sympatholytics Directs
Sympatholytics Directs
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Sympatholytics Indirects
Sympatholytics Indirects
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Prazosin Speciality
Prazosin Speciality
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Beta-Blockers Effects
Beta-Blockers Effects
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Parasympathomimetic Directs
Parasympathomimetic Directs
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Ach
Ach
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Carbachol Properties
Carbachol Properties
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Muscarine Properties
Muscarine Properties
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Pilocarpine Properties
Pilocarpine Properties
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Muscarinic Effects
Muscarinic Effects
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Indirect Reversible Parasympathomimetics
Indirect Reversible Parasympathomimetics
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Parasympatholytics Directs
Parasympatholytics Directs
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Atropine
Atropine
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Scopolamine/Hyoscine
Scopolamine/Hyoscine
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Study Notes
Introduction
- The autonomic nervous system (ANS), also known as the vegetative nervous system, controls the "inner world."
- Its activity is independent of voluntary control and functions autonomously.
- The ANS is organized with a somatic nervous system with one neuron and an autonomic nervous system with two neurons in a series.
- The autonomic nervous system includes a preganglionic neuron and a postganglionic neuron.
- The autonomic nervous system includes a sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Sympathetic versus Parasympathetic
- The sympathetic system mobilizes energy, favoring catabolism and preparing the body for fight or flight.
- The parasympathetic system conserves energy by promoting metabolic functions, restoring energy (for the individual and the species), and favoring anabolism.
The Sympathetic System
- It mimics the effects of sympathetic stimulation and excitation.
- This can occur by acting directly on smooth muscle tissue or indirectly by affecting mediator synthesis, release, or decreasing inactivation.
Sympathomimetics
- These drugs can directly or indirectly mimic the effects of sympathetic nervous system stimulation.
- Direct-acting sympathomimetics act on adrenergic receptors.
- Indirect-acting sympathomimetics affect the release or reuptake of norepinephrine.
Sympathomimetics Alpha
- Phenylephrine (neosynephrine) is primarily an alpha agonist.
- effects cause vasoconstriction, especially in blood vessels.
- It is used as a mydriatic for eye exams and as a decongestant.
- Noradrenaline is an alpha and beta agonist.
- can be used to treat hypotension.
Sympathomimetics Beta
- Isoprenaline (Isuprel) is a pure B1 and B2 agonist, mostly used for rhythm and lung issues.
- Salbutamol (Ventolin) is a B2 agonist, mostly used as a bronchodilator.
Sympatholytics
- Sympatholytics are drugs that inhibit the actions of the sympathetic nervous system.
- Alpha-blockers and beta-blockers are types of sympatholytics.
- Alpha-blockers cause vasodilation
- Beta-blockers decrease heart rate and blood pressure.
The Parasympathetic System
- The parasympathetic nervous system uses acetylcholine (ACh) as its primary neurotransmitter.
- Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl-CoA, then stored in vesicles.
- Upon stimulation, acetylcholine is released and acts on muscarinic or nicotinic receptors.
- Acetylcholine is rapidly broken down by acetylcholinesterase, terminating its action.
Parasympathomimetics
- act either directly on receptors or indirectly by inhibiting cholinesterase.
- Direct-acting parasympathomimetics are choline derivatives, muscarine, and pilocarpine.
- Indirect-acting parasympathomimetics inhibit acetylcholinesterase, increasing acetylcholine levels.
Parasympatholytics
- drugs that block or inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system.
- They primarily block muscarinic receptors, with examples including atropine and scopolamine.
- Atropine causes tachycardia, mydriasis, and reduces secretions.
- Can be used to treat visceral spasms, bradycardia, and hypersecretory states.
Conclusion
- The autonomic nervous system is a complex system with interactions and specific roles.
- These have antagonists, non-specificity of the organ and receptor specificity.
- Managing drug treatments affecting it can be difficult due to the range of physiological interactions.
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Description
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls the inner world autonomously, independent of voluntary control. It includes the sympathetic system, which mobilizes energy for fight or flight, and the parasympathetic system, which conserves energy by promoting metabolic functions and restoring energy.
