Autonomic Nervous System

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Questions and Answers

Which material is described as easiest to reuse or recycle?

  • Wood
  • Glass (correct)
  • Metal
  • Plastic

What can plastic bottles be made into?

  • Vases
  • Paper
  • Bricks
  • Pots (correct)

Tins and cans are often made of which of the following materials?

  • Glass
  • Metal and aluminum (correct)
  • Wood
  • Plastic

Recycling which of the following is said to make school gardens more attractive?

<p>Rubber and tires (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is old newspaper considered as?

<p>Paper waste (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is staining used for in woodworking?

<p>Coloring wood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the simplest way of decorating wood?

<p>Painting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method involves transferring a design on metal using a hardened steel tool?

<p>Engraving (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What materials are needed for texturing and embossing?

<p>Hammer, metal, and stencils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'etching'?

<p>A process using acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'repair' mean?

<p>To fix or restore something back (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of 'maintenance'?

<p>To sustain the upkeep (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 'hinges'?

<p>A jointed device (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What word defines 'dripping of water'?

<p>Leaking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'prolong' mean?

<p>To lengthen in duration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tool is used to create designs on wood in hand carving?

<p>Sharp knife (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of finishing materials, what is 'gilding'?

<p>Applying a thin coating of gold (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Repair

To fix or restore something back in good condition.

Maintenance

To sustain the upkeep of tools so they stay in good condition

detach

To separate something new in

Replace

To provide something in place of another.

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Replica

to copy or to make the same kind of

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Hinges

A jointed device in which a swinging part turns.

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Squeaking

High-pitched sound produced usually by friction of door hinges

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Prevention

To keep from happening; to hold not to happen

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Prolong

To continue using for a longer period.

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Prolong

To lengthen in duration

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Strip

To remove insulator or covering of electrical wire.

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Leaking

Dripping of water

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Brush method

Natural/brush or synthetic brush is used to apply different finishing materials

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Spray Method

An air compressor and a spray gun is used.

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Dip coating

This is done by dipping the item into the solution of the finished product.

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Roller coating

Paint rollers are used in this method

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Engraving

Transferring design on metal using hardened steel tool called burin or graver

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Etching

Process to make designs or pictures on metal plate using acid.

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Flocking Technique

Lines interior of drawers and boxes with soft velvety finish.

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Wood Turning

Wood Turning is a process of using a lathe to make various forms and shapes of wood.

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Study Notes

  • The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a largely unconscious control system that regulates heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal.
  • The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) prepares the body for action in response to stress or danger, increasing heart rate and blood pressure, dilating pupils, increasing sweating, and reducing digestive activity.
  • The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) conserves energy and promotes relaxation, slowing heart rate, lowering blood pressure, increasing digestive activity, and constricting pupils.
  • The main neurotransmitters in the ANS are acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE).
  • ACh is the primary neurotransmitter in the PNS and is also used in the SNS at the preganglionic neurons.
  • NE is the primary neurotransmitter in the SNS at the postganglionic neurons.
  • Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels activated by ACh and nicotine, found at the neuromuscular junction, in the ganglia of the ANS, and in the brain.
  • Muscarinic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors activated by ACh and muscarine, found in various tissues and organs, including the heart, smooth muscle, and glands.
  • Alpha receptors are G protein-coupled receptors found in various tissues and organs, including blood vessels, smooth muscle, and the heart.
  • Beta receptors are G protein-coupled receptors found in various tissues and organs, including the heart, lungs, and smooth muscle.
  • Autonomic drugs target the receptors and neurotransmitters involved in ANS function and can treat conditions such as hypertension, asthma, overactive bladder, glaucoma, and motion sickness.
  • Cholinergic agonists mimic the effects of acetylcholine by binding to and activating cholinergic receptors.
  • Cholinergic antagonists block the effects of acetylcholine by binding to and blocking cholinergic receptors.
  • Adrenergic agonists mimic the effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine by binding to and activating adrenergic receptors.
  • Adrenergic antagonists block the effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine by binding to and blocking adrenergic receptors.
  • Atropine is a cholinergic antagonist used to treat bradycardia, reduce secretions, and dilate pupils.
  • Albuterol is an adrenergic agonist used to treat asthma by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle.
  • Propranolol is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat hypertension, angina, and anxiety by blocking beta receptors in the heart and blood vessels.
  • Thermodynamic systems are classified into three types: open, closed, and isolated.
  • Open systems exchange both energy and matter with the surroundings.
  • Closed systems exchange only energy with the surroundings, but not matter.
  • Isolated systems exchange neither energy nor matter with the surroundings.
  • The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics states that if two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
  • If systems A and B are separately in equilibrium with system C ($T_A = T_C$ and $T_B = T_C$), then A is also in equilibrium with B ($T_A = T_B$).
  • The First Law of Thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the net heat added to the system minus the net work done by the system: $\Delta U = Q - W$.
  • $\Delta U$ represents the change in internal energy.
  • $Q$ represents the heat added to the system.
  • $W$ represents the work done by the system.
  • Common types of processes are: isothermal (constant temperature), adiabatic (no heat exchange), isobaric (constant pressure), and isochoric (constant volume).
  • The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can only increase over time: $\Delta S \geq 0$.
  • $\Delta S$ is the change in entropy.
  • A Carnot Engine is a theoretical engine in a reversible cycle, having the maximum possible efficiency for converting heat into work: $\eta = 1 - \frac{T_C}{T_H}$.
  • $T_c$ is the absolute temperature of the cold reservoir.
  • $T_H$ is the absolute temperature of the hot reservoir.
  • The Third Law of Thermodynamics states that as the temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system approaches a minimum or zero value.
  • Absolute zero is impossible to reach in a finite number of steps.
  • A spanning tree of a connected graph $G = (V,E)$ is a connected subgraph $T = (V,E')$ that contains all the vertices $V$ and is a tree.
  • Given a weighted graph, $G = (V,E,w)$, the cost of a spanning tree $T = (V,E')$ is $w(T) = \sum_{(u,v) \in E'} w(u,v)$.
  • A minimum cost spanning tree (MST) is a spanning tree of minimum cost.
  • Kruskal's algorithm is a greedy algorithm for finding a minimum cost spanning tree.
  • Create a forest of trees, where each vertex is a tree.
  • Sort the edges in $E$ in increasing order of weight.
  • For each edge $(u,v) \in E$ in sorted order, if $u$ and $v$ are in different trees, add $(u,v)$ to the MST and merge the trees containing $u$ and $v$.
  • Kruskal's algorithm is a greedy algorithm, and makes the locally optimal choice at each step.
  • Running time $O(|E| log |E|)$.
  • Prim's algorithm is a greedy algorithm for finding a minimum cost spanning tree.
  • Choose a starting vertex $s$.
  • Create a tree containing only $s$.
  • While the tree does not contain all vertices, find the minimum cost edge $(u,v)$ such that $u$ is in the tree and $v$ is not in the tree; add $(u,v)$ to the MST and add $v$ to the tree.
  • Prim's algorithm is a greedy algorithm, and makes the locally optimal choice at each step.
  • Running time $O(|E| log |V|)$.

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