84 Questions
Which division of the peripheral nervous system brings information to the CNS from receptors in peripheral tissues and organs?
Sensory division
Which division of the PNS controls skeletal muscle contractions?
Somatic sensory division
Which division of the PNS provides autonomic regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue?
Motor division
What is the main function of the central nervous system (CNS)?
To integrate, process, and coordinate sensory data and motor commands
What are sensory structures that detect changes in the internal or external environment called?
Receptors
What is the target organ of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue
Which division of the Peripheral Nervous System is responsible for the involuntary functions of blood vessels, glands, and internal organs?
Autonomic NS
Which division of the Peripheral Nervous System consists of nerves connected to sensory receptors and skeletal muscles?
Somatic NS
Which efferent pathway allows signals to go directly from the spinal cord to skeletal muscles and activate them?
Somatic efferent pathway
Which efferent pathway requires the presence of ganglia?
Autonomic efferent pathway
Which division of the Autonomic Nervous System is responsible for 'rest and digest' and 'feed and breed' functions?
Parasympathetic
Which division of the autonomic nervous system has short preganglionic neurons and long postganglionic neurons?
Sympathetic
Which receptor type is activated by acetylcholine and nicotine, and produces excitation?
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Which neurotransmitter is released by the preganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
ACh
Where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division located?
Thoracolumbar
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is involved in the motor activity of the colon?
Enteric
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is regulated by the hypothalamus?
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic
Which division of the ANS is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
The spinal nerve (sympathetic)
Which division of the ANS is primarily concerned with conservation of energy and maintenance of organ function during periods of minimal activity?
The cranial or vagus nerve (parasympathetic)
Where are the parasympathetic ganglia located?
In close proximity to the effector organ
Which division of the ANS is responsible for the 'rest and digest' or 'feed and breed' response?
The cranial or vagus nerve (parasympathetic)
Which division of the ANS has preganglionic fibers that originate in the CNS?
The cranial or vagus nerve (parasympathetic)
Which division of the ANS has preganglionic fibers that lie in the intermediolateral columns of the spinal cord?
The spinal nerve (sympathetic)
Which type of muscarinic receptor mediates slow EPSP in autonomic ganglia?
M1
Which type of muscarinic receptor is responsible for negative inotropy and chronotropy in the heart?
M2
Which type of muscarinic receptor is critical for regulating glucose homeostasis by modulating insulin secretion?
M3
Which type of muscarinic receptor acts as an autoreceptor and controls the release of neurotransmitter by other neurons?
M4
Which type of adrenergic receptor is responsible for smooth muscle relaxation and dilation?
Alpha 2
Which type of adrenergic receptor mediates lipolysis in adipocytes?
Beta 3
Match the following types of receptors with their functions:
Receptors = Detect changes in the internal or external environment Somatic sensory receptors = Provide position, touch, pressure, pain, and temperature sensations Special sensory receptors = Provide sensations of smell, taste, vision, balance, and hearing Visceral sensory receptors = Monitor internal organs
True or false: Two exceptions that are only innervated by the sympathetic nervous system are Sweat glands and Suprarenal glands (adrenal medulla)
True
True or false: The effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system are antagonistic.
True
True or false: Afferent fibers carry information to the brain and are part of the somatic response.
False
Which of the following is NOT a response of the sympathetic nervous system?
Bronchi smooth muscle dilation
Functions of ANS can be divided into three main categories:
Homeostasis: Provides regulation of the internal environment. Coordinate response to stress and exercise. Assists the endocrine and reproductive systems.
Where are the cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons located?
In the intermediolateral columns of the spinal cord
True or false: Sympathetic ganglia are mainly found in the paravertebral region.
True
What is the principal catecholamine released by the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrine
Which neurotransmitter is released by the adrenal medulla in stress situations?
Epinephrine
Which division of the autonomic nervous system innervates the adrenal medulla?
Sympathetic division
Which nerve is responsible for more than 75% of the parasympathetic activity in the body?
Vagus nerve
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the parasympathetic system?
Negative ino- and chronotropic heart effects
Where are the parasympathetic ganglia located?
In close proximity to the effector organ
True or false: The location of preganglionic cell bodies in the sympathetic division is craniosacral.
False
True or false: The relative lengths of neurons in the sympathetic division are short preganglionic neuron and long postganglionic neuron.
False
Muscarinic receptors are interacted with by ______ neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system.
postganglionic
The neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) include ______ and adrenergic receptors.
cholinergic
True or false: The neurotransmitter released by the postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division is norepinephrine.
False
The preganglionic neurons of the ANS are all ______.
cholinergic
Enteric nervous system Includes the ___ and the _____
subcutaneous plexus; myenteric plexus
Which of the following stops the response of junctional transmission?
Enzymatic breakdown
What happens when voltage-gated channels are activated during axonal conduction?
Depolarization
Where does neurotransmitter interact with the receptor during junctional transmission?
At the synaptic cleft
Which of the following is NOT a way in which the response of junctional transmission is stopped?
Neurotransmitter reuptake
What happens when voltage-gated channels are activated during axonal conduction?
Neurotransmitter release
Where does neurotransmitter interact with the receptor during junctional transmission?
Synaptic cleft
Which muscarinic receptor is responsible for mediating slow EPSP in autonomic ganglia?
M1
Which muscarinic receptor is responsible for negative inotropy and chronotropy in the heart?
M2
Which muscarinic receptor is critical in regulating glucose homeostasis by modulating insulin secretion?
M3
Which type of receptor is activated by acetylcholine and nicotine, and functions as both a receptor and an ion channel at the same time?
Ligand-gated ion channel
Which division of the autonomic nervous system includes neuronal nicotinic receptors found in the autonomic ganglia of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?
Sympathetic division
Which type of nicotinic receptor is found at the neuromuscular junction?
Muscle nicotinic receptor
El sistema nervioso autónomo controla y coordina varias funciones del cuerpo
True
El sistema nervioso central recibe información sensorial del ambiente externo e interno
True
El cerebelo es responsable de la coordinación de movimientos lentos y sostenidos
True
El sistema nervioso simpático y parasimpático son sistemas aferentes (sensoriales).
False
El sistema nervioso parasimpático es responsable de la respuesta de 'luchar o huir'.
False
El sistema nervioso entérico se encuentra en las paredes del sistema gastrointestinal.
True
Los ganglios parasimpáticos se encuentran cerca del órgano efector.
True
El sistema simpático activa ambos plexos y el sistema parasimpático activa ambos plexos.
False
Todas las neuronas preganglionares del SNA son colinérgicas.
False
Las neuronas posganglionares del sistema nervioso parasimpático son colinérgicas.
False
Las neuronas posganglionares del sistema nervioso simpático son adrenérgicas.
False
El sistema nervioso autónomo es responsable de la regulación de las funciones voluntarias del organismo.
False
El sistema parasimpático se encarga principalmente de conservar la energía y mantener la función de los órganos durante los períodos de actividad mínima.
True
El sistema simpático prepara al organismo para una respuesta de 'lucha o huida'.
True
La médula suprarrenal se asemeja embriológica y anatómicamente a los ganglios simpáticos y libera principalmente norepinefrina.
False
El sistema nervioso autónomo (SNA) es más importante en situaciones de emergencia que provocan estrés y nos obligan a 'luchar' o 'huir'
False
El sistema nervioso autónomo parasimpático está involucrado en funciones viscerales necesarias para la vida, como el gasto cardíaco, la distribución del flujo sanguíneo y la digestión
False
El sistema nervioso somático se encarga de la adaptación al entorno externo y de controlar los músculos voluntarios
False
El sistema nervioso simpático está relacionado con la respuesta de 'descansar' y 'digerir'
False
Los receptores adrenérgicos alfa 1 se encuentran en el músculo liso vascular, el esfínter vesical, el músculo del iris, las terminales nerviosas presinápticas, las plaquetas y las células grasas.
False
Los receptores adrenérgicos alfa 2 son excitadores y están localizados en el corazón, el músculo liso (vascular y bronquial), el tracto gastrointestinal, la vejiga y los adipocitos.
False
Los receptores adrenérgicos beta 1 están en el corazón (nódulos SA y AV y músculo ventricular), el músculo liso (vascular y bronquial), el tracto gastrointestinal y la vejiga.
False
Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- The ANS is responsible for controlling involuntary functions of the body, such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiration.
- The ANS has two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Sympathetic Nervous System
- Responsible for the 'fight or flight' response, preparing the body for emergency situations.
- Innervates the adrenal medulla, which releases the neurotransmitter norepinephrine.
- Preganglionic neurons are located in the intermediolateral columns of the spinal cord.
- Postganglionic neurons are short, and ganglia are mainly found in the paravertebral region.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Responsible for the 'rest and digest' response, promoting relaxation and reducing energy expenditure.
- Innervates various organs, including the heart, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract.
- Preganglionic neurons are located in the craniosacral region of the spinal cord.
- Postganglionic neurons are long, and ganglia are located near the target organs.
Autonomic Ganglia
- Sympathetic ganglia are mainly found in the paravertebral region.
- Parasympathetic ganglia are located near the target organs.
Receptors
- Muscarinic receptors are interacted with by neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system.
- Adrenergic receptors are interacted with by neurons of the sympathetic nervous system.
- Nicotinic receptors are found in the autonomic ganglia of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Enteric Nervous System
- Part of the autonomic nervous system, regulating the gastrointestinal tract.
- Includes the myenteric plexus and the submucosal plexus.
Regulation of Functions
- The ANS is responsible for regulating various involuntary functions, including heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiration.
- The ANS is more important in emergency situations that cause stress and require a 'fight or flight' response.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Receives sensory information from the environment and internal organs.
- Integrates and processes information, controlling voluntary functions of the body.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
- The somatic nervous system controls skeletal muscle contractions.
- The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue.
Test your knowledge on the functions and divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Learn about the roles of the parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers, and how they work together to regulate the body's internal environment.
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