Questions and Answers
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division
Which of the following is NOT an effect of the sympathetic division?
The parasympathetic division is involved in the 'fight or flight' response.
False
What is one of the effects of the parasympathetic division when active?
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What bodily functions does the parasympathetic division help to maintain?
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What is the significance of animal science as a field in agriculture?
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Which of these are parts of the heart?
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The two phases of the cardiac cycle are systole and ______.
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What is the primary function of the blood?
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What type of blood vessels transport blood away from the heart?
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Veins carry oxygenated blood back to the heart.
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What are the components of blood?
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Match the following blood cells with their functions:
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What part of the lymphatic system filters lymph?
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The central nervous system consists of only the brain.
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Which of the following is NOT a type of neuron?
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What is the function of neurotransmitters?
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Study Notes
Course Overview
- Focus on principles of animal physiology, nutrition, breeding, and relevance to animal product production, processing, and marketing.
- Learning outcomes include recognizing the significance of animal science and explaining concepts of physiology and animal productivity.
Module 2: Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, & Nervous System
- Introduction to anatomy, physiology, and homeostasis.
- Overview of cardiovascular system, blood components, lymphatic system, and nervous system function and structure.
Anatomy, Physiology, and Homeostasis
- Anatomy: Study of structural components of the body.
- Physiology: Study of functions of organs and their systems.
- Homeostasis: Maintenance of stable internal environment; involves various organ systems responding to external stresses.
Cardiovascular System
- Blood: Transport medium for nutrients, gases, and waste products.
- Heart: Pumps blood throughout the body.
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Parts of the Heart:
- Pericardial sac: Protective covering of the heart.
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Chambers:
- Atrium: Upper chambers collecting blood.
- Ventricles: Lower chambers pumping blood out.
- Valves: Prevent backflow; includes A-V valves (tricuspid and bicuspid) and semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic).
Cardiac Cycle
- Comprises systole (contraction phase) and diastole (relaxation phase).
- Heart sounds "lub-dub" correspond to valve closures during the cycle.
Blood Vessels
- Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except pulmonary arteries).
- Veins: Return deoxygenated blood to the heart (except pulmonary veins).
- Capillaries: Smallest vessels allowing nutrient and waste exchange.
Blood Circulation
- Pulmonary Circulation: Blood flow to and from the lungs for gas exchange.
- Systemic Circulation: Blood flow throughout the rest of the body.
Functions of Blood
- Carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
- Regulates temperature and body fluid pH.
- Plays a role in coagulation and immune defense.
Components of Blood
- Plasma: Liquid portion, 92% water, contains electrolytes, proteins, nutrients.
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Blood Cells:
- Red Blood Cells (RBC): Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide; lack nucleus.
- Platelets: Assist in clotting; no nucleus.
- White Blood Cells (WBC): Immune function; classified into granulocytes and agranulocytes.
Lymphatic System
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Functions:
- Collects tissue fluids and returns them to the bloodstream.
- Produces immune cells for infection defense.
- Lymph: Tissue fluid containing immune cells and waste; travels through lymphatic vessels and nodes for filtration.
Organ Components of the Lymphatic System
- Spleen: Destroys old red blood cells; stores lymphocytes.
- Thymus: Site of lymphocyte maturation.
- Tonsils: Clusters of lymphoid tissue that aid in immune function.
Nervous System Functions
- Sensory function: Detects internal and external changes.
- Integrative function: Processes sensory information.
- Motor function: Initiates muscle contraction and glandular secretion.
Neurons and Nerve Impulses
- Neurons are the basic units conducting electrical signals.
- Axon: Transmits signals away from the cell body.
- Dendrites: Receive signals toward the cell body.
Reflex Actions
- Quick, automatic responses to stimuli; mediated by the reflex arc involving sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons.
Transmission of Nerve Impulses
- Synapse: Connection point where neurotransmitters are released for communication between neurons.
- Neurotransmitters: Chemicals like acetylcholine that transmit signals across synapses.
Divisions of the Nervous System
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Comprises the brain and spinal cord.
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Connects CNS to the body; includes cranial and spinal nerves.
- Somatic Nervous System: Voluntary control over skeletal muscles.
- Autonomic Nervous System: Regulates involuntary functions; divided into sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest) divisions.### Key Texts on Animal Anatomy and Physiology
- Frandson et al. (2009): A comprehensive textbook detailing the anatomy and physiology specific to farm animals, serving as a vital resource for veterinary studies.
- Kay (1998): Introduces key concepts in animal physiology, emphasizing foundational knowledge in a concise format.
- Lawson (2015): An open-source exploration of animal anatomy and physiology available through Wikibooks, facilitating accessible learning.
Visual Resources
- Systole vs Diastole: Image highlighting the phase differences in the cardiac cycle, crucial for understanding heart function.
- Lymphatic Capillaries: Diagram illustrating the structure and importance of lymphatic capillaries in the circulatory system.
- Blood Sample Centrifugation: Scheme depicting the separation of blood components after centrifugation, relevant for hematology studies.
- Nervous System of a Horse: Labeled diagram offering insights into equine neuroanatomy, aiding in veterinary studies.
- Reflex Arc Explained: Visual representation clarifying the components and functioning of a reflex arc, key in neurophysiology.
- Illustration of Blood Vessels: Detailed diagram showing various blood vessel types (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins, venules), essential for understanding circulatory pathways.
- Neurotransmitter Release: Image depicting the mechanism of neurotransmitter packaging and release at synapses, fundamental in neurobiology.
- Neuron Anatomy: An illustration showing the structure of neurons, critical for studies in both animal and human physiology.
- Human Heart Diagram: A visual guide to the anatomy of the human heart, focusing on its structure and relationships among components.
General Concepts
- Understanding animal anatomy and physiology is essential for veterinary practice and animal husbandry.
- Visual aids enhance comprehension of complex physiological processes and anatomical relationships.
- Diagrams and illustrations serve as important tools in both learning and referencing specific physiological structures and functions.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the autonomic nervous system, including its divisions and functions. Explore the key differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, and their roles in the body's response to stress and relaxation. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of their effects on bodily functions.
