Autonomic Nervous System Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a function regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system?

  • Slowing heart rate
  • Constricting the pupil
  • Increasing blood flow to skeletal muscles (correct)
  • Emptying the bladder

What is the primary function of parasympathomimetic drugs?

  • Mimic the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system (correct)
  • Block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
  • Mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system
  • Block the effects of the sympathetic nervous system

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the sympathetic nervous system?

  • It is responsible for constricting the pupils
  • It is responsible for controlling blood flow to the brain (correct)
  • It is responsible for slowing the heart rate
  • It is responsible for increasing gastric secretions

Which receptor type is primarily associated with the slowing of heart rate?

<p>𝝰2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions is NOT directly regulated by the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Skeletal muscle contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms describes a drug that mimics the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system?

<p>Parasympathomimetic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

<p>Regulation of body temperature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the sympathetic nervous system?

<p>Dilating pupils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters is responsible for stimulating glandular secretions in the parasympathetic nervous system?

<p>Acetylcholine (ACh) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is found at the post-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system?

<p>Muscarinic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of nicotinic receptors in the nervous system?

<p>Mediating the neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for mediating the effects of the sympathetic nervous system on target tissues?

<p>Norepinephrine (NE) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an exception to the general rule of sympathetic neurotransmitters?

<p>The release of acetylcholine by sweat glands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT classified as a monoamine?

<p>Glutamate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

<p>Selectively controls the passage of substances into the brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason why long-term drug use can lead to CNS adaptation?

<p>Increased drug sensitivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a drug that may require weeks to show its full therapeutic effect?

<p>Antidepressants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is TRUE about the production of therapeutic effects by psychotherapeutic drugs?

<p>Drug effects are often based on hypotheses due to the complexity of the brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a neurotransmitter that is NOT involved in mental health treatment?

<p>Acetylcholine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a challenge faced by researchers in developing new psychotherapeutic drugs?

<p>The complexity of the brain's neurochemistry. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of motor deficits in Parkinson's Disease?

<p>Near total loss of dopaminergic cells in the basal ganglia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary therapeutic goal of drug therapy for Parkinson's Disease?

<p>To improve the patient's ability to carry out activities of daily living (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease?

<p>It promotes activation of dopamine receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for converting levodopa to dopamine?

<p>L-Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase (LAAD) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of long-term levodopa use?

<p>Increased risk of disabling dyskinesias (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug is typically used for mild symptoms of Parkinson's Disease?

<p>Monoamine oxidase-B (MAOI-B) inhibitors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major category of drugs used for Parkinson's Disease?

<p>Anticholinergic agents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the enzyme Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) in Parkinson's Disease?

<p>It converts levodopa to 3-hydroxymethyldopa (3-OMD) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Mitoxantrone in treating multiple sclerosis?

<p>Inhibits RNA and DNA synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major adverse effect associated with Mitoxantrone therapy?

<p>Cardiotoxicity leading to irreversible L ventricular ejection fraction damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment approach for patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis?

<p>Immunomodulator (Ocrelizumab only) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of excessive excitability of neurons in the central nervous system?

<p>Epilepsy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From the content provided, which type of seizure is classified as both focal and generalized?

<p>Focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of treatment for epilepsy?

<p>Reduce seizures to a level that allows the patient to live as normal a life as possible (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the area of the brain where seizures originate?

<p>Epileptic focus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of an epileptic focus?

<p>Vitamin B12 deficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary effect of sympathomimetic drugs?

<p>Pupil constriction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of complementary effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

<p>Erection and ejaculation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary neurotransmitter used by all preganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

<p>Acetylcholine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about autonomic tone is TRUE?

<p>Parasympathetic tone is typically dominant in most organ systems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the most likely consequence of a drug that non-specifically increases acetylcholine in the synapse?

<p>Increased sweating and salivation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Agonist

A substance that activates receptors and mimics normal responses.

Antagonist

A substance that blocks receptor activation and diminishes normal responses.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The part of the nervous system outside the CNS, regulating involuntary actions.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A sub-division of PNS that controls involuntary bodily functions.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

Part of ANS that conserves energy and supports 'rest and digest' activities.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

Part of ANS responsible for 'fight or flight' responses; activates body for action.

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Function of Parasympathetic System

Regulates heart rate, digestion, and gland secretions; promotes relaxation.

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Function of Sympathetic System

Regulates cardiovascular response, body temperature, and emergency actions.

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Fight-or-Flight Reaction

Physiological response to stress involving increased heart rate, blood flow changes, and energy mobilization.

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Sympathomimetic Drugs

Drugs that mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, often used for heart and lung effects.

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Autonomic Nervous System Mechanisms

The three patterns of innervation: opposing effects, complementary effects, and single division control.

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Autonomic Tone

Balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems regulating homeostasis.

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Preganglionic Neurons

Neurons that release acetylcholine (Ach) in both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

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CNS Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that facilitate neuron communication in the Central Nervous System.

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Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

A protective barrier that restricts substance access to the brain, allowing only certain drugs to cross.

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Lipid-soluble drugs

Drugs that can easily cross the BBB due to their fat-soluble nature.

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CNS Adaptation

Changes in the brain's response to drugs over time, influencing drug effectiveness and side effects.

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Increased Therapeutic Effects

Some psychiatric drugs take weeks to reach full effectiveness due to adaptive brain changes.

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Tolerance

A decreased response to a drug after prolonged use, requiring higher doses for the same effect.

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Physical Dependence

A condition where withdrawal symptoms occur if a drug is abruptly discontinued due to CNS adaptation.

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Serendipitous Discoveries

Findings in drug development that occur by chance rather than through targeted research.

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Parkinson's Disease (PD)

A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor deficits due to dopamine loss in the basal ganglia.

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Dopaminergic agents

Drugs that promote activation of dopamine receptors, commonly used to treat PD.

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Anticholinergic agents

Drugs that prevent activation of cholinergic receptors, used in PD treatment.

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Levodopa (Dopar)

A primary medication for PD that converts to dopamine in the body.

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L-Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase (LAAD)

Enzyme that converts levodopa into dopamine for use in the brain.

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Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Enzyme that breaks down dopamine into byproducts like DOPAC and hydrogen peroxide.

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Motor symptoms of PD

Symptoms like tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia due to dopamine deficiency.

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Drug selection for PD

Initial treatment depends on symptom severity; MAO-B inhibitors for mild, levodopa for severe symptoms.

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Acetylcholine (ACh)

Neurotransmitter in CNS and autonomic ganglia affecting both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

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Norepinephrine (NE)

A neurotransmitter primarily in the sympathetic nervous system impacting neuroeffector target junctions.

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Epinephrine (Epi)

Major neurotransmitter released by the adrenal medulla; important for stress responses.

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Cholinergic Receptors

Receptors that respond to acetylcholine, divided into nicotinic and muscarinic types.

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Adrenergic Receptors

Receptors that respond to norepinephrine and epinephrine, including alpha and beta types.

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Mitoxantrone

An immunosuppressant used for relapsing MS; inhibits RNA/DNA synthesis.

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Myelosuppression

Reduction of bone marrow activity leading to decreased blood cells.

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Cardiotoxicity

Damage to the heart caused by certain drugs like Mitoxantrone.

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LVEF damage

Irreversible damage to the heart's left ventricular ejection fraction, potentially causing heart failure.

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Pregnancy Cat D

Indicates a drug shows evidence of risk to the fetus but may be justified in certain situations.

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Epilepsy

A group of disorders with excessive neuron excitability, leading to seizures.

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Focal-onset seizures

Seizures that start in one area of the brain, can be simple or complex.

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Goals of seizure treatment

To reduce seizures to allow normal life activities.

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Study Notes

The Nervous System

  • Study of drugs that alter processes controlled by the nervous system is called neuropharmacology (NP)
  • NP drugs are used to treat depression, epilepsy, hypertension, and asthma
  • NP agents are divided into two broad categories: peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) drugs
  • NP drugs can modify many diverse processes, including skeletal muscle contraction, cardiac output, vascular tone, respiration, gastrointestinal function, uterine motility, glandular secretion, ideation, mood, and perception of pain

Basic Principles of Neuropharmacology

  • Neurons regulate physiologic processes by axonal conduction and synaptic transmission

Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System

  • All preganglionic neurons use acetylcholine (ACh)
  • Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons only use ACh
  • Sympathetic postganglionic neurons use ACh, epinephrine (Epi), or norepinephrine (NE)
  • Epinephrine is released by the adrenal medulla
  • Motor neurons use ACh as their neurotransmitter

Neurotransmitters

  • Acetylcholine (ACh) is used throughout the CNS, preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, postganglionic neurons ending in neuroeffector target tissues, in the parasympathetic nervous system
  • Norepinephrine (NE) is found throughout the CNS, most neuroeffector target junctions in the sympathetic nervous system
  • Epinephrine (Epi) is the major transmitter released by the adrenal medulla

Receptors of the Peripheral Nervous System

  • Cholinergic receptors respond to ACh
  • Nicotinic receptors
  • Muscarinic receptors
  • Adrenergic receptors respond to NE and Epi
  • Alpha and Beta receptors

Life Cycle of Transmitters

  • Acetylcholine (ACh) is stored in vesicles and released immediately
  • The effect of ACh is terminated when it's broken down by acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
  • Norepinephrine (NE) is stored in vesicles and released immediately
  • The effect is terminated by reuptake of NE into the nerve terminal
  • Inactivated by monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Drugs for Parkinson's Disease

  • Parkinson's disease results from degeneration of dopamine-containing neurons
  • Drug therapy for Parkinson's disease aims to improve patient's ability to perform Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)
  • Two major categories of drugs: dopaminergic agents, and anticholinergic agents

Drugs for Alzheimer's Disease

  • Characterized by progressive memory loss, impaired thinking, neuropsychiatric symptoms, hallucinations, and delusions
  • Inability to perform routine tasks of daily living

Drugs for Epilepsy

  • Group of disorders characterized by excessive excitability of neurons in the central nervous system, may cause various symptoms like unconsciousness and convulsions

Drugs for Muscle Spasm and Spasticity

  • The two groups of drugs used for skeletal muscle relaxation include drugs for localized muscle spasm, and drugs for spasticity
  • Drugs for spasticity include baclofen, diazepam, and dantrolene

Drugs for Glaucoma

  • Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve because of increased intraocular pressure (IOP)
  • Treatment primarily targets reducing IOP
  • Drugs to treat glaucoma lower IOP by increasing aqueous humor outflow or decreasing production

Drugs for Allergic Conjunctivitis

  • Allergic conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva due to allergies
  • Treatment involves using antihistamines, mast-cell stabilizers, and NSAIDs
  • Ocular decongestant medications can reduce symptoms
  • ARMD is a group of eye conditions that damage the macula
  • Treatment involves using antioxidants and zinc, laser therapy, photodynamic therapy, and angiogenesis inhibitors

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