Ch-15-17 A+P Multiple Choice Pt.2
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Questions and Answers

Which effector is controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

  • Lungs
  • Skin
  • Cardiac muscle (correct)
  • Skeletal muscles

What type of neuron structure is present in the efferent pathway of the ANS?

  • Three-neuron chain
  • Quadratic neuron chain
  • Two-neuron chain (correct)
  • Single neuron chain

During sympathetic activation, which of the following occurs?

  • Decreased heart rate
  • Dilated pupils (correct)
  • Increased saliva production
  • Increased digestion

Which process is primarily stimulated during parasympathetic activation?

<p>Promotion of urination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT primarily associated with the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Serotonin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

<p>Promote relaxation and digestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is SLUD, an acronym related to the parasympathetic nervous system?

<p>Salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain is involved in the control of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Hypothalamus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of olfactory receptor cells?

<p>Detect odor-producing molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of papillae are located primarily on the tips and sides of the tongue?

<p>Fungiform (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for taste sensation from the posterior part of the tongue?

<p>Glossopharyngeal (IX) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of support cells within taste buds?

<p>Sustain gustatory cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates rods from cones in terms of their function?

<p>Cones function in high-intensity light. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of taste sensation is characterized as savory?

<p>Umami (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the lacrimal apparatus do?

<p>Produces and drains lacrimal fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the majority of cones concentrated in the eye?

<p>Fovea centralis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormones involve the binding of one hormone to activate the release of another?

<p>Hormonal hormones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of insulin?

<p>Facilitate glucose uptake by cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about lipid-soluble hormones?

<p>They diffuse through the membrane and act in the cytosol or nucleus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism does negative feedback in hormone control refer to?

<p>Decreased secretion upon reaching a hormone threshold. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is responsible for releasing hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands?

<p>Pituitary gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the signaling pathway of water-soluble hormones, what acts as the second messenger?

<p>cAMP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the nervous system differ from the endocrine system in hormone signaling?

<p>Nervous signals are localized and fast. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormone signaling responds directly to changes in nutrient levels or ions?

<p>Humoral signaling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of transducers in the sensory system?

<p>To translate a physical stimulus into a signal interpreted by the nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor primarily detects changes in temperature?

<p>Thermoreceptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do nociceptors play in the sensory system?

<p>Detecting painful stimuli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the inner ear contributes to the regulation of balance?

<p>Utricle and Saccule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes special senses from general senses?

<p>Special senses involve specialized receptors in complex sense organs of the head (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key functions of the endocrine system?

<p>Maintaining homeostasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The activation of sensory receptor cells at the level of the stimulus results in what process?

<p>Sensation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a type of general sense receptor?

<p>Olfactory receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does upregulation have on hormone sensitivity?

<p>Increases sensitivity to the hormone. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the permissive interaction between hormones imply?

<p>One hormone enhances the effect of another hormone. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary target tissue for Growth Hormone (GH)?

<p>Adipose tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes hyperthyroidism?

<p>Increased production of thyroid hormones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of calcitonin in the body?

<p>Inhibits osteoclast activity and reduces calcium loss in urine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one known effect of thyroid hormones?

<p>Inducing heat intolerance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding corticosteroids?

<p>They help resist stress and increase nutrient levels in blood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hints at downregulation of receptors in response to increased blood levels of a hormone?

<p>Decreased number of receptors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

SNS vs ANS

SNS (sympathetic nervous system) and ANS (autonomic nervous system) differ in their effectors and neurotransmitters. SNS targets skeletal muscles and uses primarily norepinephrine (and some ACh). ANS targets cardiac/smooth muscle & glands using both acetylcholine and norepinephrine (in the post-ganglionic).

ANS Efferent Pathway

The autonomic nervous system uses a two-neuron chain to send signals from the CNS to effectors. Pre- and postganglionic neurons synapse before reaching the target.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

The parasympathetic branch of the ANS is responsible for "rest and digest." It conserves energy by decreasing heart rate and promoting digestion.

Sympathetic Nervous System

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for "fight or flight." It produces a response to stress and danger (e.g., increasing heart rate).

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SLUD (Parasympathetic)

Acronym for processes stimulated by parasympathetic system: Salivation, Lacrimation (tears), Urination, Digestion.

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Olfaction

The sense of smell; odorants must dissolve in nasal mucus to stimulate chemoreceptors.

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Efferent Pathway

A pathway that carries signals from the CNS to an effector (muscle or gland).

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Neurotransmitters in ANS

The autonomic nervous system primarily uses acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE). Also includes epinephrine.

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Photopsin

A protein in the eye that converts light energy into electrical signals.

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Vestibular System

Part of the inner ear that helps maintain balance and spatial orientation

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Sensory Perception

The process of becoming consciously aware of a stimulus.

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Stimulus

A change in the environment that triggers a response.

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Transducer

Converts one form of energy to another.

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Chemoreceptor

Detects chemicals in solution, internal or external.

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Thermoreceptor

Detects temperature changes.

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Mechanoreceptor

Detects physical deformation.

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Olfactory Receptor Cells

Specialized cells in the nasal cavity that detect odor molecules.

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Taste Buds Location

Sensory organs located within papillae on the tongue and soft palate; detect tastants (taste-producing molecules).

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Gustatory Cells

Sensory cells within taste buds that detect taste-producing molecules (ions).

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Rods (in the eye)

Photoreceptor cells in the retina that are sensitive to dim light, producing limited sharpness.

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Cones (in the eye)

Photoreceptor cells in the retina that are sensitive to bright light and provide color vision and sharpness.

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Papillae Types

Elevated structures on the tongue surface; filiform (texture), fungiform (taste), foliate (taste-less developed), vallate (taste, biggest).

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Olfactory Epithelium Location

The roof of the nasal cavity contains the olfactory epithelium.

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5 Basic Tastes

Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami (savory).

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Endocrine Glands

Organs that release hormones into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions.

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Hormonal Signaling

A hormone triggers the release of another hormone causing an effect in the body.

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Humoral Signaling

Hormone release is triggered by changes in nutrients or ions in the blood.

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Water-Soluble Hormones

Hormones that need receptors on the cell membrane to trigger a response.

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Lipid-Soluble Hormones

Hormones that can directly pass through the cell membrane to influence the cell's activity.

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Negative Feedback

A mechanism to maintain stable hormone levels in the blood.

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Pituitary Gland

Endocrine gland that controls other endocrine glands, influencing bodily functions.

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Insulin

A hormone that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells.

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Signal Transduction

How cells communicate using different mechanisms

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2nd messenger system

A cell signaling pathway using molecules like cAMP, and IP3, DAG as messengers to trigger downstream reactions.

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Upregulation

Increased number of hormone receptors leading to heightened sensitivity.

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Downregulation

Decreased number of hormone receptors reducing sensitivity.

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GH (Growth Hormone)

Hormone stimulating liver to release IGF-1/2, leading to cell growth.

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Thyroid Hormone (TH)

Hormone affecting metabolism and body temperature.

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Hyperthyroidism

Overproduction of TH resulting in increased metabolic rate and body processes

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Hypothyroidism

Underproduction of TH, leading to decreased metabolic rate and body processes.

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Study Notes

Chapter 15: Involuntary Nervous System

  • SNS vs ANS: SNS (sympathetic) and ANS (autonomic) are efferent pathways that control effector responses
  • Effectors controlled by ANS: cardiac/smooth muscle, glands
  • Neurons in ANS pathways: two neurons (preganglionic and postganglionic)
  • Sympathetic (SNS) pathway: Fight or flight response;
    • increased heart rate, pupil dilation, inhibition of digestion, sweating
  • Parasympathetic Nervous System: Rest and digest;
    • reduced heart rate, pupil constriction, stimulation of digestion, urination
  • Efferent Pathways: pathway signals travel from CNS to effectors;
    • in ANS, pathways form a two neuron chain consisting of a preganglionic and postganglionic neuron

Chapter 16: Sensory Systems

  • Olfaction (Smell): odorants dissolve in nasal mucus, detected by olfactory receptors in the olfactory epithelium
  • Gustation (Taste): taste buds contain gustatory cells (chemoreceptors) that detect taste molecules.
  • Papillae of the tongue: projections and elevations that house tastebuds
  • Four types of papillae: Filiform, Fungiform, Foliate, Vallate
  • Visual System: Photoreceptors (rods and cones), located in the retina (back of the eye)
  • Rods: low light intensity
  • Cones: high light intensity, color vision
  • Lacrimal Apparatus: produces, collects, and drains tears
  • Hearing and Balance: Semicircular canals and sac-like structures (utricle and saccule) in the inner ear detect head movement
  • Hair cells: specialized sensory cells in the inner ear that detect movement of fluid to stimulate head movement
  • Stimulus and Transducers: stimulus is a change in a physical variable or a chemical concentration.
    • Internal or external trigger for a physiological response. A transducer is a device that converts energy from one form to another

Chapter 17: Endocrine System

  • Endocrine Functions: Regulate development, growth, metabolism; Maintain homeostasis; Digestion; Expression of sexual behavior
  • Endocrine vs Nervous Systems: Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream (slower, more widespread); nervous system signals travel along neurons (faster, more localized)
  • Types of hormones: Proteins (amino acids), Steroids (lipids)
  • Water-soluble vs Lipid-soluble: Water-soluble hormones use membrane receptors while lipid-soluble ones diffuse across the cell membrane.
  • Hormone Signaling: Hormone binding to receptors triggers a signal cascade.
  • Control of Hormone Levels: Negative feedback loops regulate hormone levels in the blood.
  • Hormone Interactions: Synergistic (multiple hormones working together), Permissive (one hormone needs another to act), Antagonistic (different hormones oppose each other)
  • Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland: Critical in regulating hormone levels and function.
  • Growth Hormone (GH): targets liver, muscle, bone, adipose tissue
  • Thyroid Hormones (TH): Calorigenic effect (increases metabolic rate) and glucose-sparing effect (saves glucose).
  • Effects of hormone production and deficiencies i.e., Hyperthyroidism vs Hypothyroidism, Corticosteroids and their roles in a variety of conditions

Chapter 17: (cont.) Review

  • Adrenal Glands (Regions): Adrenal medulla and cortex, secreting hormones for stress response
  • Stress Response: Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion stages
  • Hormones involved in each stage: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, cortisol

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Test your knowledge on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) with this quiz. Explore questions about effector control, neuron structures, sympathetic activation, and parasympathetic processes. Challenge yourself and deepen your understanding of ANS concepts.

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