Ch-15-17 A+P Multiple Choice Pt.2
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Questions and Answers

Which effector is controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

  • Lungs
  • Skin
  • Cardiac muscle (correct)
  • Skeletal muscles

    • What type of neuron structure is present in the efferent pathway of the ANS?

  • Three-neuron chain
  • Quadratic neuron chain
  • Two-neuron chain (correct)
  • Single neuron chain

    • During sympathetic activation, which of the following occurs?

  • Decreased heart rate
  • Dilated pupils (correct)
  • Increased saliva production
  • Increased digestion

    • Which process is primarily stimulated during parasympathetic activation?

    <p>Promotion of urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT primarily associated with the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Promote relaxation and digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is SLUD, an acronym related to the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the brain is involved in the control of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of olfactory receptor cells?

    <p>Detect odor-producing molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of papillae are located primarily on the tips and sides of the tongue?

    <p>Fungiform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for taste sensation from the posterior part of the tongue?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal (IX)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of support cells within taste buds?

    <p>Sustain gustatory cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates rods from cones in terms of their function?

    <p>Cones function in high-intensity light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of taste sensation is characterized as savory?

    <p>Umami</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the lacrimal apparatus do?

    <p>Produces and drains lacrimal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the majority of cones concentrated in the eye?

    <p>Fovea centralis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hormones involve the binding of one hormone to activate the release of another?

    <p>Hormonal hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of insulin?

    <p>Facilitate glucose uptake by cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about lipid-soluble hormones?

    <p>They diffuse through the membrane and act in the cytosol or nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism does negative feedback in hormone control refer to?

    <p>Decreased secretion upon reaching a hormone threshold.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is responsible for releasing hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands?

    <p>Pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the signaling pathway of water-soluble hormones, what acts as the second messenger?

    <p>cAMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the nervous system differ from the endocrine system in hormone signaling?

    <p>Nervous signals are localized and fast.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hormone signaling responds directly to changes in nutrient levels or ions?

    <p>Humoral signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transducers in the sensory system?

    <p>To translate a physical stimulus into a signal interpreted by the nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor primarily detects changes in temperature?

    <p>Thermoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do nociceptors play in the sensory system?

    <p>Detecting painful stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the inner ear contributes to the regulation of balance?

    <p>Utricle and Saccule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes special senses from general senses?

    <p>Special senses involve specialized receptors in complex sense organs of the head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key functions of the endocrine system?

    <p>Maintaining homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The activation of sensory receptor cells at the level of the stimulus results in what process?

    <p>Sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a type of general sense receptor?

    <p>Olfactory receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does upregulation have on hormone sensitivity?

    <p>Increases sensitivity to the hormone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the permissive interaction between hormones imply?

    <p>One hormone enhances the effect of another hormone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary target tissue for Growth Hormone (GH)?

    <p>Adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Increased production of thyroid hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of calcitonin in the body?

    <p>Inhibits osteoclast activity and reduces calcium loss in urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one known effect of thyroid hormones?

    <p>Inducing heat intolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding corticosteroids?

    <p>They help resist stress and increase nutrient levels in blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hints at downregulation of receptors in response to increased blood levels of a hormone?

    <p>Decreased number of receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 15: Involuntary Nervous System

    • SNS vs ANS: SNS (sympathetic) and ANS (autonomic) are efferent pathways that control effector responses
    • Effectors controlled by ANS: cardiac/smooth muscle, glands
    • Neurons in ANS pathways: two neurons (preganglionic and postganglionic)
    • Sympathetic (SNS) pathway: Fight or flight response;
      • increased heart rate, pupil dilation, inhibition of digestion, sweating
    • Parasympathetic Nervous System: Rest and digest;
      • reduced heart rate, pupil constriction, stimulation of digestion, urination
    • Efferent Pathways: pathway signals travel from CNS to effectors;
      • in ANS, pathways form a two neuron chain consisting of a preganglionic and postganglionic neuron

    Chapter 16: Sensory Systems

    • Olfaction (Smell): odorants dissolve in nasal mucus, detected by olfactory receptors in the olfactory epithelium
    • Gustation (Taste): taste buds contain gustatory cells (chemoreceptors) that detect taste molecules.
    • Papillae of the tongue: projections and elevations that house tastebuds
    • Four types of papillae: Filiform, Fungiform, Foliate, Vallate
    • Visual System: Photoreceptors (rods and cones), located in the retina (back of the eye)
    • Rods: low light intensity
    • Cones: high light intensity, color vision
    • Lacrimal Apparatus: produces, collects, and drains tears
    • Hearing and Balance: Semicircular canals and sac-like structures (utricle and saccule) in the inner ear detect head movement
    • Hair cells: specialized sensory cells in the inner ear that detect movement of fluid to stimulate head movement
    • Stimulus and Transducers: stimulus is a change in a physical variable or a chemical concentration.
      • Internal or external trigger for a physiological response. A transducer is a device that converts energy from one form to another

    Chapter 17: Endocrine System

    • Endocrine Functions: Regulate development, growth, metabolism; Maintain homeostasis; Digestion; Expression of sexual behavior
    • Endocrine vs Nervous Systems: Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream (slower, more widespread); nervous system signals travel along neurons (faster, more localized)
    • Types of hormones: Proteins (amino acids), Steroids (lipids)
    • Water-soluble vs Lipid-soluble: Water-soluble hormones use membrane receptors while lipid-soluble ones diffuse across the cell membrane.
    • Hormone Signaling: Hormone binding to receptors triggers a signal cascade.
    • Control of Hormone Levels: Negative feedback loops regulate hormone levels in the blood.
    • Hormone Interactions: Synergistic (multiple hormones working together), Permissive (one hormone needs another to act), Antagonistic (different hormones oppose each other)
    • Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland: Critical in regulating hormone levels and function.
    • Growth Hormone (GH): targets liver, muscle, bone, adipose tissue
    • Thyroid Hormones (TH): Calorigenic effect (increases metabolic rate) and glucose-sparing effect (saves glucose).
    • Effects of hormone production and deficiencies i.e., Hyperthyroidism vs Hypothyroidism, Corticosteroids and their roles in a variety of conditions

    Chapter 17: (cont.) Review

    • Adrenal Glands (Regions): Adrenal medulla and cortex, secreting hormones for stress response
    • Stress Response: Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion stages
    • Hormones involved in each stage: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, cortisol

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    Ch. 15-17 PDF Biology Notes

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    Test your knowledge on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) with this quiz. Explore questions about effector control, neuron structures, sympathetic activation, and parasympathetic processes. Challenge yourself and deepen your understanding of ANS concepts.

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