Autonomic Nervous System Physiology

<p>Activation of α2 receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased contractility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>α1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease the release of noradrenaline (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ciliary muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promote contraction of the sphincters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase in blood volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicotinic receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscarine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autonomic ganglia and CNS (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscarinic receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated and muscarinic are G-protein coupled (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All sympathetic preganglionic neurons are cholinergic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To mediate excitatory and inhibitory effects in different tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholinergic receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adrenergic receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta 2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bradycardia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulation and excitation of organs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase heart rate and contractility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contraction of ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha receptors have a higher affinity for noradrenaline (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>M2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Receptors that bind to acetylcholine, activated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, important in the nervous system and muscle contraction.

Receptors that bind to acetylcholine, activated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, important in the parasympathetic nervous system and various bodily functions.

A type of receptor that utilizes G proteins as signaling molecules.

A type of G protein that activates the signaling pathway.

A type of G protein that inhibits the signaling pathway.

Receptors that bind to adrenaline and noradrenaline, responsible for the "fight or flight" response.

A type of adrenergic receptor that activates the signaling pathway.

A type of adrenergic receptor that inhibits the signaling pathway.

A type of cholinergic receptor that is activated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and the drug muscarine, and are found in the peripheral and central nervous systems. They are G protein-coupled receptors, meaning they activate intracellular signaling cascades when bound to acetylcholine.

This type of nicotinic receptor is found mainly in autonomic ganglia, where preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine to activate postganglionic neurons.

This type of nicotinic receptor is located at the neuromuscular junction, where motor neurons release acetylcholine to stimulate muscle contraction.

Named as M1-M5, these subtypes are found in various locations throughout the body, mediating diverse physiological effects. For example, M1 receptors are important for learning and memory in the brain, while M3 receptors influence smooth muscle contraction.

These fibers release acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter, playing a crucial role in both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

A type of acetylcholine receptor that serves as a bridge between the preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron in both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways.

These receptors are activated by acetylcholine released by postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system.

β2 receptors on GIT smooth muscles cause relaxation, while α1 receptors cause contraction. This affects both the movement and constriction of the gastrointestinal tract.

β2 receptors on GIT sphincters cause relaxation, while α1 receptors cause constriction. This regulates the flow of food and waste through the digestive system.

In the kidney, α1 receptors on smooth muscle cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus cause contraction, leading to the release of renin. This triggers a cascade that increases blood volume.

α1 receptors on the dilator pupillae muscle causes contraction, leading to pupil dilation. β2 receptors on the ciliary muscle cause relaxation, resulting in lens accommodation for far vision.

Presynaptic α2 receptors are located on the postganglionic adrenergic nerve endings and act as auto-receptors. They regulate the release of norepinephrine by negative feedback, reducing its release when stimulated.

A subtype of adrenergic receptor primarily found in the heart. It increases heart rate and contractility by stimulating the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, and ventricular muscle.

A subtype of adrenergic receptor that primarily causes vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) by acting on smooth muscle cells in blood vessel walls.

A subtype of adrenergic receptor primarily responsible for smooth muscle relaxation, particularly in the bronchioles (airways) of the lungs, leading to bronchodilation (opening of airways).

A subtype of adrenergic receptor primarily involved in inhibiting neurotransmitter release from presynaptic nerve endings. It plays a role in regulating the release of norepinephrine.

A type of adrenergic receptor that preferentially promotes lipolysis (breakdown of fats) and glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen).