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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the ciliary muscle during its contraction?
What is the primary function of the ciliary muscle during its contraction?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for innervating the intrinsic eye muscles and pupil?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for innervating the intrinsic eye muscles and pupil?
Which cranial nerves are responsible for the movement of the eye muscles?
Which cranial nerves are responsible for the movement of the eye muscles?
What happens to the pupil in a patient with oculomotor nerve paralysis?
What happens to the pupil in a patient with oculomotor nerve paralysis?
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What type of ganglia are positioned near or within the target organs in the parasympathetic division?
What type of ganglia are positioned near or within the target organs in the parasympathetic division?
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Which cranial nerve sends preganglionic fibers to the parotid salivary glands?
Which cranial nerve sends preganglionic fibers to the parotid salivary glands?
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Which of the following statements about ocular muscle innervation is true?
Which of the following statements about ocular muscle innervation is true?
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Which of the following symptoms is indicative of oculomotor nerve damage?
Which of the following symptoms is indicative of oculomotor nerve damage?
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What effect does the vagus nerve have on the heart, according to the parasympathetic division?
What effect does the vagus nerve have on the heart, according to the parasympathetic division?
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Which nuclei is associated with the facial nerve (VII)?
Which nuclei is associated with the facial nerve (VII)?
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What occurs when there is damage to cranial nerve III in one eye?
What occurs when there is damage to cranial nerve III in one eye?
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What is the major function of preganglionic fibers leaving the sacral region?
What is the major function of preganglionic fibers leaving the sacral region?
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Which action would be most affected by facial nerve damage?
Which action would be most affected by facial nerve damage?
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What is a potential outcome of weakened medial and superior rectus muscles?
What is a potential outcome of weakened medial and superior rectus muscles?
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Which portion of the large intestine does the vagus nerve's influence not extend beyond?
Which portion of the large intestine does the vagus nerve's influence not extend beyond?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the parasympathetic division?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the parasympathetic division?
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What is the primary function of bipolar cells in the retina?
What is the primary function of bipolar cells in the retina?
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Which visual reflex is associated with the Edinger-Westphal nucleus?
Which visual reflex is associated with the Edinger-Westphal nucleus?
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Where do tertiary neurons predominantly end?
Where do tertiary neurons predominantly end?
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What type of vision do rods provide?
What type of vision do rods provide?
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What is a consequence of the loss of cone cells in the retina?
What is a consequence of the loss of cone cells in the retina?
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Which visual reflex is part of the interpretation for brain death?
Which visual reflex is part of the interpretation for brain death?
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What is the primary role of the interconnection between rods and cones?
What is the primary role of the interconnection between rods and cones?
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Which cranial nerve is associated with the Edinger-Westphal nucleus?
Which cranial nerve is associated with the Edinger-Westphal nucleus?
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What movement would be affected by damage to the right accessory nerve?
What movement would be affected by damage to the right accessory nerve?
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If a patient can tilt their head to the left but cannot tilt to the right, which nerve might be affected?
If a patient can tilt their head to the left but cannot tilt to the right, which nerve might be affected?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for flexion and rotation of the head?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for flexion and rotation of the head?
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What is the expected posture of a person with right accessory nerve damage?
What is the expected posture of a person with right accessory nerve damage?
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What symptom would NOT be present with weak sternocleidomastoid function due to accessory nerve damage?
What symptom would NOT be present with weak sternocleidomastoid function due to accessory nerve damage?
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What is the primary function of the corticonuclear fibers received by the nucleus?
What is the primary function of the corticonuclear fibers received by the nucleus?
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Where do the efferent fibers of the nucleus emerge from?
Where do the efferent fibers of the nucleus emerge from?
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What characterizes the disorder of ophthalmoplegia as described?
What characterizes the disorder of ophthalmoplegia as described?
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What causes horizontal diplopia in the context of medial longitudinal fasciculus injury?
What causes horizontal diplopia in the context of medial longitudinal fasciculus injury?
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What anatomical feature signifies the convergence of the nerve fibers before exiting the skull?
What anatomical feature signifies the convergence of the nerve fibers before exiting the skull?
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Where does decussation occur for the nerve fibers innervating the nucleus?
Where does decussation occur for the nerve fibers innervating the nucleus?
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What muscle receives bilateral cortical control as noted in the content?
What muscle receives bilateral cortical control as noted in the content?
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What effect does a lesion in the medial longitudinal fasciculus generally have on the resting position of the eyes?
What effect does a lesion in the medial longitudinal fasciculus generally have on the resting position of the eyes?
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Study Notes
Parasympathetic Division Overview
- Known as the craniosacral division; involves preganglionic fibers from the brain and sacral regions.
- Preganglionic nuclei are located in the brainstem: Edinger Westphal (CN III), Superior Salivatory (CN VII), Inferior Salivatory (CN IX), and Dorsal Vagal (CN X).
Preganglionic Pathways
- Oculomotor Nerve (CN III): Stimulates intrinsic eye muscles for pupil constriction and lens accommodation.
- Facial Nerve (CN VII): Controls tear production (lacrimal glands) and salivation from submandibular/sublingual and mucosal glands.
- Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX): Targets parotid salivary glands.
- Vagus Nerve (CN X): Innervates thoracic and abdominal organs; enhances function of heart, lungs, liver, stomach, pancreas, and intestines (up to the transverse colon).
Postganglionic Neurons
- Located close to (terminal) or within (intramural) the target organ.
- Sacral preganglionic fibers travel via pelvic nerves to viscera in the lower abdominopelvic cavity.
Photoreceptors in Retina
- Primary Neurons: Convert light into electric signals, connecting rods and cones.
- Cones: Concentrated in the fovea centralis; responsible for color vision and high visual acuity. Loss leads to legal blindness.
- Rods: Provide monochromatic vision; more sensitive to low light.
Visual Reflexes
- Controlled by the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and CN III, including:
- Pupillary Light Reflex: Constriction of pupils in response to light.
- Accommodation Reflex: Adjusts the lens shape for clear vision at varying distances.
Oculomotor Nerve Damage
- Damage results in difficulty opening the eye, pupil dilation (mydriasis), and down-and-out eye deviation due to loss of CN III function.
- Lateral rectus (CN VI) and superior oblique (CN IV) muscles will dominate.
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia
- Disorder affecting conjugate lateral gaze due to injury of the medial longitudinal fasciculus.
- Affected eye shows impaired adduction and may exhibit nystagmus while the other eye abducts.
Clinical Correlation: Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
- Controls sternocleidomastoid muscle for head movement.
- Weakness or paralysis leads to inability to tilt or rotate the head towards the affected side.
- Example of right accessory nerve damage: patient cannot rotate head towards left or tilt towards right side.
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Description
This quiz explores the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, focusing on its functions and the craniosacral outflow. You'll learn about the preganglionic nuclei in the brainstem and their effects on various organs. Test your knowledge on cranial nerves and their roles in the parasympathetic response.
