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Autonomic Nervous System: Parasympathetic Division
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Autonomic Nervous System: Parasympathetic Division

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the ciliary muscle during its contraction?

  • It controls eyelid movement.
  • It regulates eyeball pressure. (correct)
  • It enhances lateral eye movement.
  • It prevents pupil dilation.

    • Which cranial nerve is responsible for innervating the intrinsic eye muscles and pupil?

  • Oculomotor nerve (III) (correct)
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
  • Facial nerve (VII)
  • Vagus nerve (X)

    • Which cranial nerves are responsible for the movement of the eye muscles?

  • Only the lateral rectus is innervated by CNIII.
  • Superior oblique is innervated by cranial nerve IV. (correct)
  • All eye muscles are innervated by CNII.
  • The medial rectus is innervated by cranial nerve VI.

    • What happens to the pupil in a patient with oculomotor nerve paralysis?

    <p>The pupil dilates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ganglia are positioned near or within the target organs in the parasympathetic division?

    <p>Intramural ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve sends preganglionic fibers to the parotid salivary glands?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about ocular muscle innervation is true?

    <p>Cranial nerve VI innervates the lateral rectus muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is indicative of oculomotor nerve damage?

    <p>Eyelid drooping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the vagus nerve have on the heart, according to the parasympathetic division?

    <p>Improves invasions of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nuclei is associated with the facial nerve (VII)?

    <p>Superior Salivatory Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when there is damage to cranial nerve III in one eye?

    <p>The other cranial nerves will dominate the movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major function of preganglionic fibers leaving the sacral region?

    <p>Targeting visceral organs in the inferior abdominopelvic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action would be most affected by facial nerve damage?

    <p>Eye closing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of weakened medial and superior rectus muscles?

    <p>Lateral gaze dominance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which portion of the large intestine does the vagus nerve's influence not extend beyond?

    <p>Transverse colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the parasympathetic division?

    <p>Increasing heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bipolar cells in the retina?

    <p>Link primary neurons to the optic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which visual reflex is associated with the Edinger-Westphal nucleus?

    <p>Pupillary light reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do tertiary neurons predominantly end?

    <p>In the lateral geniculate nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vision do rods provide?

    <p>Achromatic vision without color sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the loss of cone cells in the retina?

    <p>Legal blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which visual reflex is part of the interpretation for brain death?

    <p>Accommodation reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the interconnection between rods and cones?

    <p>To form receptive fields necessary for vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is associated with the Edinger-Westphal nucleus?

    <p>Oculomotor nerve (CN III)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movement would be affected by damage to the right accessory nerve?

    <p>Rotating the head to the left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a patient can tilt their head to the left but cannot tilt to the right, which nerve might be affected?

    <p>Right accessory nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is primarily responsible for flexion and rotation of the head?

    <p>Sternocleidomastoid muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected posture of a person with right accessory nerve damage?

    <p>Head tilted to the left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom would NOT be present with weak sternocleidomastoid function due to accessory nerve damage?

    <p>Difficulty flexing the neck forwards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the corticonuclear fibers received by the nucleus?

    <p>To mediate voluntary motor control from the cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the efferent fibers of the nucleus emerge from?

    <p>The anterior surface of the medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the disorder of ophthalmoplegia as described?

    <p>Impaired adduction in one eye with nystagmus in the contralateral eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes horizontal diplopia in the context of medial longitudinal fasciculus injury?

    <p>Both eyes fail to adduct when looking to one side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature signifies the convergence of the nerve fibers before exiting the skull?

    <p>The jugular foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does decussation occur for the nerve fibers innervating the nucleus?

    <p>At the medullary pyramids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What muscle receives bilateral cortical control as noted in the content?

    <p>Sternocleidomastoid muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a lesion in the medial longitudinal fasciculus generally have on the resting position of the eyes?

    <p>No movement is observed at rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Parasympathetic Division Overview

    • Known as the craniosacral division; involves preganglionic fibers from the brain and sacral regions.
    • Preganglionic nuclei are located in the brainstem: Edinger Westphal (CN III), Superior Salivatory (CN VII), Inferior Salivatory (CN IX), and Dorsal Vagal (CN X).

    Preganglionic Pathways

    • Oculomotor Nerve (CN III): Stimulates intrinsic eye muscles for pupil constriction and lens accommodation.
    • Facial Nerve (CN VII): Controls tear production (lacrimal glands) and salivation from submandibular/sublingual and mucosal glands.
    • Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX): Targets parotid salivary glands.
    • Vagus Nerve (CN X): Innervates thoracic and abdominal organs; enhances function of heart, lungs, liver, stomach, pancreas, and intestines (up to the transverse colon).

    Postganglionic Neurons

    • Located close to (terminal) or within (intramural) the target organ.
    • Sacral preganglionic fibers travel via pelvic nerves to viscera in the lower abdominopelvic cavity.

    Photoreceptors in Retina

    • Primary Neurons: Convert light into electric signals, connecting rods and cones.
    • Cones: Concentrated in the fovea centralis; responsible for color vision and high visual acuity. Loss leads to legal blindness.
    • Rods: Provide monochromatic vision; more sensitive to low light.

    Visual Reflexes

    • Controlled by the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and CN III, including:
      • Pupillary Light Reflex: Constriction of pupils in response to light.
      • Accommodation Reflex: Adjusts the lens shape for clear vision at varying distances.

    Oculomotor Nerve Damage

    • Damage results in difficulty opening the eye, pupil dilation (mydriasis), and down-and-out eye deviation due to loss of CN III function.
    • Lateral rectus (CN VI) and superior oblique (CN IV) muscles will dominate.

    Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia

    • Disorder affecting conjugate lateral gaze due to injury of the medial longitudinal fasciculus.
    • Affected eye shows impaired adduction and may exhibit nystagmus while the other eye abducts.

    Clinical Correlation: Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

    • Controls sternocleidomastoid muscle for head movement.
    • Weakness or paralysis leads to inability to tilt or rotate the head towards the affected side.
    • Example of right accessory nerve damage: patient cannot rotate head towards left or tilt towards right side.

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    Related Documents

    NEUROSCIENCE_LC6_CRANIAL-NERVES.pdf

    Description

    This quiz explores the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, focusing on its functions and the craniosacral outflow. You'll learn about the preganglionic nuclei in the brainstem and their effects on various organs. Test your knowledge on cranial nerves and their roles in the parasympathetic response.

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