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Autonomic Nervous System Overview
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Autonomic Nervous System Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which activities does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

  • Vision, hearing, taste sensation
  • Digestion, immune response, blood clotting
  • Cardiac muscle contraction, smooth muscle contraction, secretion of glands (correct)
  • Skeletal muscle contraction, bone growth, hair growth

    • What is a neuron formed of?

  • Cell body (soma) and cell processes (Dendrites and Axon) (correct)
  • Endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, vacuoles
  • Cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus

    • What types of neurons can be classified based on their function?

  • Big neurons, Small neurons, Medium neurons
  • Red neurons, Blue neurons, Green neurons
  • Fast neurons, Slow neurons, Moderate neurons
  • Sensory neurons, Motor neurons, Relay neurons (correct)

    • What are the components of the brain stem?

    <p>Midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the peripheral white matter in the nervous system composed of?

    <p>Myelinated nerve fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the spinal cord lie?

    <p>Inside the vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many segments make up the thoracic region?

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve controls the muscles of the eye?

    <p>Oculomotor nerve III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physiological unit of the nervous system?

    <p>Neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Vagus nerve X?

    <p>Regulating heartbeat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reflex action regulates the activity of skeletal muscles?

    <p>Somatic reflex action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the center of the reflex arc for autonomic reflexes located?

    <p>In the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effector organ in the reflex arc responsible for?

    <p>Carrying impulses from the CNS to the effector organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve influences almost every organ below the neck, except the ventricle of the heart?

    <p>Vagus nerve X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of sensory (afferent) nerves in the spinal cord?

    <p>Carry impulses from the receptor to the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym SARCER stand for in components of the reflex arc?

    <p>Stimuli, Afferent neuron, Receptor, Center, Effector organ, Response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of hormones in the body?

    <p>Regulation of reproduction, growth, and homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hormones are derived from cholesterol?

    <p>Steroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of protein-bound hormones?

    <p>They have specific receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the endocrine glands?

    <p>To have intracellular effects with no ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

    <p>Exocrine glands carry secretions via ducts for extracellular effects while endocrine glands do not have ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of down-regulation of receptors on target cells?

    <p>It decreases the total number of target cell receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hormones act on receptors located on the plasma membrane?

    <p>Proteinic hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

    <p>Regulation of anterior pituitary secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone has a melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) activity?

    <p>Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the secretion of growth hormone (GH) regulated?

    <p>By nervous control and feedback mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of growth hormone (GH)?

    <p>Low levels of GH in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for dwarfism due to growth hormone (GH) deficiency before puberty?

    <p>Congenital abnormalities in GH receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic manifestation of growth hormone (GH) deficiency before puberty?

    <p>Delayed sexual and mental development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Somatomedins' are also known as:

    <p>'Insulin-like growth factors'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Insulin-like growth factors' (IGFs) are responsible for which type of feedback regulation?

    <p>'Negative feedback'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Somatomedins' are regulated by which factor during sleep?

    <p>'Deep sleep'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Autonomic Nervous System

    • Regulates involuntary actions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiration

    Neuron Structure

    • Formed of dendrites, cell body, axon, and terminal buttons

    Types of Neurons

    • Classified based on function: sensory, motor, and interneurons

    Brain Stem Components

    • Composed of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

    Peripheral White Matter

    • Composed of myelinated axons of peripheral nerves

    Spinal Cord Location

    • Lies in the vertebral column, extending from the base of the brain to the lower back

    Thoracic Region

    • Composed of 12 segments

    Cranial Nerve Functions

    • Oculomotor nerve (III) controls muscles of the eye

    Physiological Unit of Nervous System

    • The reflex arc

    Vagus Nerve Function

    • Main function is to regulate heart rate and digestion

    Reflex Action Regulation

    • Reflex action that regulates skeletal muscles is the stretch reflex

    Reflex Arc for Autonomic Reflexes

    • Center located in the spinal cord or brain stem

    Effector Organ in Reflex Arc

    • Responsible for responding to stimuli

    Vagus Nerve Influence

    • Influences almost every organ below the neck, except the ventricle of the heart

    Sensory (Afferent) Nerves

    • Play a role in transmitting sensory information to the spinal cord

    Reflex Arc Components

    • SARCER stands for Stimulus, Afferent neuron, CNS, Efferent neuron, Response

    Hormone Functions

    • Main function is to regulate various bodily functions

    Steroid Hormones

    • Derived from cholesterol

    Protein-Bound Hormones

    • Characterized by being bound to a protein in the bloodstream

    Endocrine Glands

    • Primary function is to produce and secrete hormones

    Exocrine vs Endocrine Glands

    • Main difference is that exocrine glands have ducts and secrete substances outside the body, while endocrine glands lack ducts and secrete hormones into the bloodstream

    Down-Regulation of Receptors

    • Leads to decreased responsiveness to hormone stimulation

    Hormone Action

    • Hormones that act on receptors located on the plasma membrane are peptide hormones

    Hypothalamus Function

    • Plays a crucial role in regulating the endocrine system

    Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

    • Has activity similar to MSH hormone

    Growth Hormone (GH) Regulation

    • Regulated by hypothalamic hormones and negative feedback from insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

    Growth Hormone (GH) Stimulation

    • Release is stimulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

    Growth Hormone (GH) Deficiency

    • Leads to dwarfism before puberty

    Characteristics of Growth Hormone (GH) Deficiency

    • Manifested as short stature and growth retardation

    Somatomedins (Insulin-Like Growth Factors)

    • Also known as insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and responsible for negative feedback regulation of GH
    • Regulated by growth hormone during sleep

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    Description

    This quiz covers the functions and structures of the autonomic nervous system, including its role in regulating involuntary bodily functions such as muscle contraction and gland secretion. It also discusses the characteristics of neurons and the differences between neurilemmal and myelin sheath.

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