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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the main function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the autonomic reflex arc?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the autonomic reflex arc?
What is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the heart?
What is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the heart?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the stress response?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the stress response?
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What is Raynaud Phenomenon caused by?
What is Raynaud Phenomenon caused by?
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Where are the cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons typically located?
Where are the cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons typically located?
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Which neurotransmitter is released by adrenergic neurons?
Which neurotransmitter is released by adrenergic neurons?
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What is the typical length of the axons in the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the typical length of the axons in the parasympathetic nervous system?
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What is the main type of receptor found on postganglionic sympathetic neurons?
What is the main type of receptor found on postganglionic sympathetic neurons?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Which of these is NOT a typical location for parasympathetic ganglia?
Which of these is NOT a typical location for parasympathetic ganglia?
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Which type of cholinergic receptor is primarily responsible for the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla?
Which type of cholinergic receptor is primarily responsible for the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla?
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Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response?
Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response?
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What effect does activation of muscarinic receptors have on skeletal muscle blood vessels?
What effect does activation of muscarinic receptors have on skeletal muscle blood vessels?
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What is the typical role of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the typical role of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Activation of which type of receptor is responsible for the contraction of skeletal muscle fibers at the motor end plate?
Activation of which type of receptor is responsible for the contraction of skeletal muscle fibers at the motor end plate?
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Which of the following is NOT an effect of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT an effect of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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What is the primary function of cholinergic neurons?
What is the primary function of cholinergic neurons?
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Which type of receptor is primarily found in effectors innervated by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons?
Which type of receptor is primarily found in effectors innervated by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons?
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Which of the following is NOT a cranial nerve involved with the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT a cranial nerve involved with the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Which statement accurately describes the function of the autonomic nervous system?
Which statement accurately describes the function of the autonomic nervous system?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between gray communicating rami and white communicating rami?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between gray communicating rami and white communicating rami?
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Which neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
Which neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
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What is the role of autonomic tone in the regulation of bodily functions?
What is the role of autonomic tone in the regulation of bodily functions?
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When sympathetic stimulation increases, what effect does it have on the rate and strength of the heartbeat?
When sympathetic stimulation increases, what effect does it have on the rate and strength of the heartbeat?
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Which of the following accurately describes the effect of sympathetic stimulation on blood vessels?
Which of the following accurately describes the effect of sympathetic stimulation on blood vessels?
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Which of the following is NOT a physiological effect of sympathetic stimulation?
Which of the following is NOT a physiological effect of sympathetic stimulation?
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What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of autonomic tone?
What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of autonomic tone?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the location of preganglionic neuron cell bodies in the parasympathetic division?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the location of preganglionic neuron cell bodies in the parasympathetic division?
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Which of the following pathways is responsible for the faster response system of the sympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following pathways is responsible for the faster response system of the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the location of prevertebral ganglia?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the location of prevertebral ganglia?
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Which of the following represents a possible connection of sympathetic preganglionic neuron axons within sympathetic trunk ganglia?
Which of the following represents a possible connection of sympathetic preganglionic neuron axons within sympathetic trunk ganglia?
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What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which of the following is a key difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia?
Which of the following is a key difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia?
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Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons located?
Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons located?
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Which of the following statements is TRUE about the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the autonomic nervous system?
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What is the name of the autonomic plexus that is distributed along the celiac artery?
What is the name of the autonomic plexus that is distributed along the celiac artery?
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What is the significance of the adrenal medullae in the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the significance of the adrenal medullae in the sympathetic nervous system?
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What is one way in which a sympathetic preganglionic axon can reach a postganglionic neuron?
What is one way in which a sympathetic preganglionic axon can reach a postganglionic neuron?
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Which of the following is NOT a cranial nerve involved in parasympathetic outflow from the brain stem?
Which of the following is NOT a cranial nerve involved in parasympathetic outflow from the brain stem?
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Which of the following are examples of prevertebral ganglia?
Which of the following are examples of prevertebral ganglia?
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Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System
- The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates involuntary functions
- It operates without conscious control, though the hypothalamus and brain stem provide regulation for reflexes
- Sensors called interoceptors located in blood vessels, organs, muscles, and the nervous system monitor conditions in the internal environment
- Chemoreceptors monitor blood CO2 levels, and mechanoreceptors detect stretch in organs/blood vessels
- Autonomic motor neurons regulate visceral actions, either increasing or decreasing ongoing activities in the effector tissues
- Certain autonomic responses form the basis of polygraph testing
- Yoga and biofeedback techniques can help to manage autonomic activity
- Most autonomic motor pathways consist of two neurons in series: preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
- The somatic nervous system includes sensory and motor neurons. Sensory neurons are related to touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception, sight, hearing, taste, smell and equilibrium. Voluntary. Somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal muscles, which are excitatory or inhibitory.
- The autonomic nervous system receives sensory input from organs, blood vessels, and muscles. It is involuntary, unlike the somatic nervous system.
- The autonomic nervous system is divided into two main divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic, usually with dual innervation of organs. These two divisions often have opposite effects on the body
Anatomy of Autonomic Motor Pathways
- The autonomic nervous system has two motor neurons in series: preganglionic and postganglionic.
- The preganglionic neuron extends from the CNS to an autonomic ganglion.
- The postganglionic neuron extends from the ganglion to the effector.
- Sympathetic division ganglia are either in a vertical row alongside the vertebral column (sympathetic trunk ganglia) or anterior to the vertebral column (prevertebral ganglia).
- Parasympathetic ganglia are typically next to or within the wall of the visceral effector.
ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors
- Cholinergic neurons release acetylcholine. Cholinergic receptors : nicotinic, muscarinic
- Adrenergic neurons release norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
- Different receptors elicit excitation or inhibition.
Receptors of the ANS
- Cholinergic receptors include nicotinic and muscarinic receptors; they are integral proteins in postsynaptic plasma membranes activated by acetylcholine. Nicotinic receptors are on postganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Muscarinic receptors are on effector cells of parasympathetic neurons.
- Adrenergic receptors include alpha and beta types. Alpha receptors are located in various tissues throughout the body. Beta receptors are located in tissues such as the heart and lungs.
Beta Blockers
- Beta blockers, also known as beta-adrenergic blocking agents, are medications used to lower blood pressure.
- They work by blocking the hormone epinephrine (adrenaline)
- By reducing the heart's rate and strength of contraction and widening blood vessels, they lower blood pressure and improve blood flow.
Physiology of the ANS
- Sympathetic stimulation leads to secretion of norepinephrine by the adrenal glands, increasing heart rate, constricting vessels to non-essential organs, widening vessels to skeletal muscle and the cerebral cortex, increasing breathing rate/depth, hepatic conversion of glycogen to glucose, a decrease in GI activity
- The acronym SLUDD (Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Digestion, Defecation) describes parasympathetic responses, which often have the opposite effect to sympathetic responses.
Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions
- Functions such as heart rate and blood pressure are regulated by autonomic reflexes
- These reflexes follow a simple pathway called the reflex arc, which includes a receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neurons, and effector organs.
- The hypothalamus plays a role in regulating the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic tone
The Stress Response
- Various stressors activate the nervous system to generate a stress response. This involves increased heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rates.
The Nervous System and Homeostasis
- Explains how the nervous system helps maintain homeostasis in various body systems (Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphoid)
- Provides communication and regulation of most body tissues together with hormones of the endocrine system
- Nervous system involvement in respiration, digestion, urinary, genital/reproductive systems
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Description
This quiz covers the key functions and components of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), including its regulation of involuntary functions and the role of various receptors. Additionally, it contrasts the ANS with the somatic nervous system, providing insights into their differences. Test your understanding of the mechanisms and pathways involved in autonomic control.
