38 Questions
Which nervous system is more widely distributed, innervating practically all effector systems in the body?
Sympathetic nervous system
What is the main factor for controlling the heart rate?
Vagus nerve
Which type of signaling involves the release of hormones into the bloodstream to exert effects on broadly distributed target cells in the body?
Hormone signaling
Which division's distribution is more limited, with mostly one-to-one interactions and close ganglia to organs they innervate?
Parasympathetic division
Which type of nervous system innervates skeletal muscles and is under voluntary control?
Somatic nervous system
What triggers the release of specific chemical signals, called neurotransmitters, from the nerve terminals?
Increase in intracellular Ca2+
Which system coordinates the regulation and integration of bodily functions along with the endocrine system?
Autonomic Nervous System
How does the nervous system exert its influence on target tissues?
By rapid transmission of electrical impulses over nerve fibers
What are drugs that produce their primary therapeutic effect by mimicking or altering the functions of the autonomic nervous system called?
Autonomic drugs
How do autonomic agents act in influencing the autonomic nervous system?
By stimulating portions of the autonomic nervous system
What does this chapter outline in terms of the autonomic nervous system physiology?
Fundamental physiology of the ANS
What is the role of neurotransmitters in the communication between extracellular events and chemical changes within the cell?
To mediate communication between extracellular events and chemical changes within the cell
Which system controls the motility, exocrine and endocrine secretions, and microcirculation of the GI tract independently of the CNS?
Autonomic Nervous System
What is the main function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Increasing muscle motility and tone in the gastrointestinal system
During 'fight or flight' situations, what is the primary effect of the sympathetic nervous system on blood vessels in the skin, mucous membranes, and splanchnic area?
Constriction
What does sympathetic stimulation result in regarding the function of the bladder and sexual organs?
Contraction of detrusor; relaxation of trigone and sphincter (skeletal muscle)
What is the role of the CNS in controlling autonomic functions?
Responding to stimuli by sending out efferent reflex impulses via the autonomic nervous system
What happens when a fall in blood pressure occurs?
A compensatory rise in blood pressure and tachycardia due to decreased sympathetic output to the heart
Which division of the nervous system includes neurons located outside the brain and spinal cord?
Peripheral nervous system
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
Regulation of everyday bodily functions without conscious participation
Where are the ganglia located in the autonomic nervous system?
In the peripheral nervous system
From which spinal cord regions do the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system originate?
Thoracic and lumbar regions
What is the function of the enteric nervous system?
Innervating the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and gallbladder
Which term is used to describe neural pathways that mediate a reflex action?
Reflex arcs
What is the primary chemical signal in the autonomic nervous system?
Acetylcholine
Which neurotransmitter mediates the transmission of nerve impulses across autonomic ganglia in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
Acetylcholine
What type of fibers are those termed adrenergic?
Norepinephrine fibers
Which of the following is not one of the six most commonly involved signal compounds in the nervous system?
Glycine
What do neurotransmitter receptors provide?
A binding site that recognizes and responds to neurotransmitter molecules
Which component serves as a link in the communication between extracellular events and chemical changes within the cell?
Second-messenger molecules
Which type of receptors are directly linked to membrane ion channels?
Nicotinic receptors
What is the primary role of second-messenger molecules in receptor signaling?
Initiating a series of reactions that result in specific intracellular responses
Which protein is involved in the activation of adenylyl cyclase?
Gs protein
What is the effect of Gq protein activation?
Release of diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate
Which neurotransmitter is specifically mentioned in relation to chemically gated ion channels?
Acetylcholine
What is the role of adenylyl cyclase in the cell?
Conversion of ATP to cAMP + PPi
Which system is associated with protein phosphorylation and increased intracellular Ca2+?
Calcium/phosphatidylinositol system
What is the ultimate effect of second-messenger molecules on the cell?
Specific intracellular response initiation
Test your knowledge of the dual innervation of the autonomic nervous system and how it affects organ activity. Understand how the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions control the functions of various organs.
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