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Questions and Answers
Which division of the peripheral nervous system does the autonomic nervous system belong to?
Which division of the peripheral nervous system does the autonomic nervous system belong to?
What is the meaning of 'autonomic' based on its Latin origin?
What is the meaning of 'autonomic' based on its Latin origin?
Which system is responsible for the symptoms of increased heart rate, dry mouth, and faster breathing described in the text?
Which system is responsible for the symptoms of increased heart rate, dry mouth, and faster breathing described in the text?
What is the function of the autonomic nervous system in the context of the text?
What is the function of the autonomic nervous system in the context of the text?
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for conserving and restoring body energy during rest or digestion?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for conserving and restoring body energy during rest or digestion?
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Which regions of the CNS do the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems originate from, respectively?
Which regions of the CNS do the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems originate from, respectively?
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What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system?
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What role does the neural crest tissue play in the development of the nervous system?
What role does the neural crest tissue play in the development of the nervous system?
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Where does the sympathetic system establish its connections during development?
Where does the sympathetic system establish its connections during development?
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Which part of the autonomic nervous system is more widely distributed in the body?
Which part of the autonomic nervous system is more widely distributed in the body?
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What initiates the development of the nervous system?
What initiates the development of the nervous system?
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What do some neural crest tissue cells give rise to?
What do some neural crest tissue cells give rise to?
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Where does the parasympathetic system originate from in the CNS?
Where does the parasympathetic system originate from in the CNS?
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What is the primary function of the sympathetic division?
What is the primary function of the sympathetic division?
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What is the role of migrating neural crest cells in the development of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the role of migrating neural crest cells in the development of the autonomic nervous system?
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When does the development of the nervous system begin?
When does the development of the nervous system begin?
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What is the main input to the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?
What is the main input to the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?
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Which part of the central nervous system (CNS) regulates the ANS?
Which part of the central nervous system (CNS) regulates the ANS?
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What type of muscles does the ANS regulate?
What type of muscles does the ANS regulate?
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Which division of the ANS usually operates without conscious control?
Which division of the ANS usually operates without conscious control?
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What influences the responses of autonomic motor neurons?
What influences the responses of autonomic motor neurons?
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Which type of neurons innervate skeletal muscles?
Which type of neurons innervate skeletal muscles?
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What regulates visceral activities by either increasing or decreasing activities in their effector tissues?
What regulates visceral activities by either increasing or decreasing activities in their effector tissues?
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Which part of the nervous system includes sensory and motor neurons for somatic and special senses?
Which part of the nervous system includes sensory and motor neurons for somatic and special senses?
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What influences the responses of autonomic motor neurons via the limbic system?
What influences the responses of autonomic motor neurons via the limbic system?
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Which type of neurons innervate effector tissues to regulate visceral activities?
Which type of neurons innervate effector tissues to regulate visceral activities?
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Which part of the ANS has two major divisions?
Which part of the ANS has two major divisions?
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Which part of the nervous system cannot be consciously altered or suppressed to a great degree?
Which part of the nervous system cannot be consciously altered or suppressed to a great degree?
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Which type of neurons are associated with interoceptors monitoring blood CO2 levels and mechanoreceptors detecting internal bodily changes?
Which type of neurons are associated with interoceptors monitoring blood CO2 levels and mechanoreceptors detecting internal bodily changes?
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Where do preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies?
Where do preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies?
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Where do postganglionic neurons have their cell bodies?
Where do postganglionic neurons have their cell bodies?
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Which neurotransmitter do autonomic motor neurons release?
Which neurotransmitter do autonomic motor neurons release?
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for preparing the body for emergency situations?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for preparing the body for emergency situations?
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What type of activities result from sympathetic activities?
What type of activities result from sympathetic activities?
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for conserving energy and promoting sedentary activities?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for conserving energy and promoting sedentary activities?
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Which type of neurons release acetylcholine (ACh) as a neurotransmitter?
Which type of neurons release acetylcholine (ACh) as a neurotransmitter?
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for increasing digestive activities and promoting energy conservation?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for increasing digestive activities and promoting energy conservation?
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for increasing alertness and metabolic activities?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for increasing alertness and metabolic activities?
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Which type of neurons extend to specialized cells of the adrenal medulla called chromaffin cells?
Which type of neurons extend to specialized cells of the adrenal medulla called chromaffin cells?
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Which type of neurons are responsible for controlling smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands?
Which type of neurons are responsible for controlling smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands?
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What explains the two-neuron pathway in motor control for the autonomic nervous system?
What explains the two-neuron pathway in motor control for the autonomic nervous system?
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Why is the sympathetic division more widespread than the parasympathetic division?
Why is the sympathetic division more widespread than the parasympathetic division?
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Where are the preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system located?
Where are the preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system located?
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What do postganglionic autonomic fibers contain?
What do postganglionic autonomic fibers contain?
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What are the tangled networks formed by axons of preganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions called?
What are the tangled networks formed by axons of preganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions called?
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What are the major plexuses in the thorax that supply the heart and the bronchial tree called?
What are the major plexuses in the thorax that supply the heart and the bronchial tree called?
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What are the networks of sympathetic and parasympathetic axons that sometimes include autonomic sensory axons and sympathetic ganglia called?
What are the networks of sympathetic and parasympathetic axons that sometimes include autonomic sensory axons and sympathetic ganglia called?
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What explains the lack of autonomic output from certain regions of the CNS?
What explains the lack of autonomic output from certain regions of the CNS?
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Where are the postganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system located?
Where are the postganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system located?
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What is the name of the major autonomic plexus in the abdomen and pelvis, distributed along the arteries?
What is the name of the major autonomic plexus in the abdomen and pelvis, distributed along the arteries?
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What is the function of the varicosities in postganglionic autonomic fibers?
What is the function of the varicosities in postganglionic autonomic fibers?
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Study Notes
Development and Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System
- The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system emerged to control distinct populations of developing smooth muscle—gut tube smooth muscle and cardiovascular smooth muscle.
- The migration of crest cells explains the two-neuron pathway in motor control, with sympathetic control from the thoracolumbar regions and parasympathetic control from the craniosacral regions.
- The sympathetic division is more widespread than the parasympathetic division because it controls blood vessels distributed throughout the body, while the parasympathetic distribution is limited to the gut tube and its derivatives.
- The lack of autonomic output from certain regions of the CNS is due to the displacement of autonomic neurons by the massive dominance of skeletal muscle innervation during limb development.
- The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions share certain features but also have unique anatomical components.
- Each autonomic nervous system pathway has two motor neurons, with the preganglionic neuron located in the brain or spinal cord and the postganglionic neuron lying outside the CNS in the PNS.
- The axon of the preganglionic neuron usually extends to an autonomic ganglion, which may be divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia.
- Postganglionic autonomic fibers contain numerous swellings called varicosities, which simultaneously release neurotransmitter over a large area of the innervated organ.
- In the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, axons of preganglionic neurons of both divisions form tangled networks called autonomic plexuses, which may contain autonomic ganglia and axons of autonomic sensory neurons.
- Major plexuses in the thorax include the cardiac plexus, which supplies the heart, and the pulmonary plexus, which supplies the bronchial tree.
- The abdomen and pelvis also contain major autonomic plexuses named after the arteries along which they are distributed, such as the celiac (solar) plexus.
- The autonomic plexuses are networks of sympathetic and parasympathetic axons that sometimes also include autonomic sensory axons and sympathetic ganglia.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the development and anatomy of the autonomic nervous system with this quiz. Explore the distinct populations controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, the pathways in motor control, and the unique anatomical components of each division. Gain insight into the autonomic nervous system's pathways, ganglia, and plexuses, and understand the key features of autonomic neurons and their role in controlling smooth muscle and blood vessels.
