Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and Motor Control
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the reflex mentioned in the content?

  • To control rhythmic motor activity
  • To facilitate locomotion
  • To prevent an animal from falling to one side (correct)
  • To regulate breathing
  • What are Central Pattern Generators (CPGs) primarily responsible for controlling?

  • Rhythmic motor activity (correct)
  • Voluntary motor activity
  • Posture maintenance
  • Sensory input integration
  • Where are the control centers that initiate and terminate rhythmical activity located?

  • Cerebellum
  • Cerebrum
  • Brainstem (correct)
  • Spinal cord
  • What type of neurons are found in Central Pattern Generators (CPGs)?

    <p>Both excitatory and inhibitory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cerebellum in movement?

    <p>To coordinate agonistic/antagonistic muscle activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for normal, coordinated movement?

    <p>Establishment of a postural platform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors provide sensory input for reflexes?

    <p>Muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, joints, and tactile receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the spinal cord are the CPGs associated with locomotion and scratching located?

    <p>Spinal cord intumescences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the motor cortex in voluntary movement?

    <p>To direct voluntary movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of the CNS is responsible for coordinating movements with changes in posture?

    <p>Lower levels of the hierarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of higher-order areas in the CNS?

    <p>To decide when to act, plan an appropriate sequence of actions, and coordinate the activity of many limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of having a hierarchical organization in the SMS?

    <p>It allows for more complex and skilled movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the basal nuclei in the SMS?

    <p>To give directions that control the sequential cord activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the spinal cord in the SMS?

    <p>To contain the circuits for the movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of having voluntary movements initiated by the cerebral cortex?

    <p>It allows for more complex and skilled movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of having a hierarchical organization in the CNS?

    <p>It allows for more complex and skilled movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tract is responsible for controlling distal limb musculature associated with movement?

    <p>Rubrospinal Tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tracts is involved in reflex orientation of the head toward environmental stimuli?

    <p>Tectospinal Tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tract receives significant input from the Cerebellum to synchronize muscle activity?

    <p>Rubrospinal Tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tracts are located in the ventral funiculus of the cord?

    <p>Pontine Reticulospinal and Vestibulospinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Central Pattern Generators?

    <p>To execute low-level commands to generate proper forces on individual muscle groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tract is involved in the control of postural and antigravity activity of proximal and axial musculature?

    <p>Pontine Reticulospinal Tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tracts are facilitatory to flexor muscles and inhibitory to extensors?

    <p>Corticospinal, Rubrospinal, and Medullary Reticulospinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Tectospinal Tract?

    <p>To coordinate head and eyes to fixate gaze on a stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tract is involved in the initiation of protraction (forward movement) of the limbs in gait?

    <p>Rubrospinal Tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the spinal cord in movement control?

    <p>To execute low-level commands to generate proper forces on individual muscle groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Control of Visceral Motor Function (ANS)

    • All movement ultimately results from excitation or relaxation of muscles.
    • Voluntary movements are initiated consciously but are coordinated at a more subcortical level of the brain.

    Hierarchical Organization of SMS

    • Motor cortexes
    • Basal nuclei
    • Thalamus
    • Cerebellum
    • Brainstem
    • Spinal cord
    • Peripheral nerves

    Voluntary Movement and Primary Motor Cortex

    • Voluntary movement is directed by the primary motor cortex.
    • Most voluntary movements are achieved when the cortex activates patterns of function stored in lower CNS areas.

    Organization of Complex and Skilled Patterns

    • Higher-order areas concern themselves with global tasks regarding action, such as deciding when to act, planning an appropriate sequence of actions, and coordinating the activity of many limbs.
    • Lower-order areas perform low-level tasks, such as programming the exact force and velocity of individual muscles, or coordinating movements with changes in posture.

    Reflexes and Central Pattern Generators (CPGs)

    • Reflexes involve complex circuits in interneurons, such as the flexor and crossed extensor reflexes.
    • CPGs produce oscillatory outputs used for controlling rhythmical motor activity, such as locomotion, scratching, chewing, and breathing.
    • CPGs associated with locomotion and scratching are in the spinal cord intumescences.
    • Control centers that initiate and terminate the rhythmical activity are in the brainstem.

    Sensory Input and Integration

    • Sensory input for the reflexes comes from muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, joints, and tactile receptors.
    • Integration of that input in the spinal cord causes inhibition or excitation of LMNs, as appropriate.

    Cerebellum and Posture

    • The cerebellum coordinates agonistic/antagonistic muscle activity to permit posture and to create movement that occurs at the correct rate, range, and force.
    • The cerebellum coordinates overall posture by coordinating contraction-relaxation of all muscles in the body used for maintaining posture, both at rest and during movement.

    Tectospinal Tract and Rubrospinal Tract

    • The tectospinal tract is involved in reflex orientation of the head toward environmental stimuli and controls rapid reflex movement of the eyes.
    • The rubrospinal tract is a lateral brainstem UMN pathway that controls distal limb musculature associated with movement, and is important for gait generation in quadrupeds.

    Movement and Muscle Activity

    • Movement can be divided into two general forms: dominated by flexor muscles (largely learned, voluntary, conscious, and skilled) and dominated by extensor muscles (postural, antigravity muscle activity, generally subconscious and involuntary).
    • The control of these two types of movements is made by different neurons and tracts in the nervous system.

    Lateral and Medial Systems

    • Skilled voluntary movement of distal musculature (flexors) is primarily controlled by a lateral system (lateral funiculus) of lower and upper motor neurons' spinal tracts.
    • Postural and antigravity activity of the proximal and axial musculature (extensors) is controlled by a more medial system (ventral funiculus) of such neurons and tracts.

    Spinal Cord and Movement Control

    • The spinal cord is the most caudal and simplest level of movement control.
    • It contains the UMN tracts, alfa lower motor neurons, interneurons, and complex neural circuits for motor control.
    • The spinal cord executes the low-level commands that generate proper forces on individual muscles groups to enable adaptive movements.

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    Description

    Quiz about the control of visceral motor function, the role of the autonomic nervous system, and the hierarchical organization of motor function in the brain.

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