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Questions and Answers
Which of the following medications is primarily used as a tocolytic agent?
Which of the following medications is primarily used as a tocolytic agent?
What is the main therapeutic use of Mirabegron?
What is the main therapeutic use of Mirabegron?
Which of the following drugs is commonly associated with tachyphylaxis upon repeated dosing?
Which of the following drugs is commonly associated with tachyphylaxis upon repeated dosing?
Which drug would be most appropriate for treating a patient with ADHD who requires a non-stimulant option?
Which drug would be most appropriate for treating a patient with ADHD who requires a non-stimulant option?
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Based on its effects on the cardiovascular system, which medication is the vasopressor of choice during pregnancy?
Based on its effects on the cardiovascular system, which medication is the vasopressor of choice during pregnancy?
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Which of the following statements about amphetamines is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about amphetamines is incorrect?
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Which of the following is a risk associated with Pemoline?
Which of the following is a risk associated with Pemoline?
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Which of the following actions best describes the mechanism of indirectly acting sympathomimetics?
Which of the following actions best describes the mechanism of indirectly acting sympathomimetics?
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What type of drug would increase heart rate by mimicking the sympathetic nervous system?
What type of drug would increase heart rate by mimicking the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which of the following receptor types is NOT primarily associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following receptor types is NOT primarily associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
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What is the main effect of stimulating alpha1 adrenergic receptors?
What is the main effect of stimulating alpha1 adrenergic receptors?
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Which type of drug action produces opposing responses in the same organ?
Which type of drug action produces opposing responses in the same organ?
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Which receptor subtype would primarily mediate the response to a drug that stimulates the sympathetic system causing decreased activity in the gastrointestinal tract?
Which receptor subtype would primarily mediate the response to a drug that stimulates the sympathetic system causing decreased activity in the gastrointestinal tract?
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What happens when acetylcholine is inactivated by acetylcholinesterase before reaching receptor cells?
What happens when acetylcholine is inactivated by acetylcholinesterase before reaching receptor cells?
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Which drug type would block signals from the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which drug type would block signals from the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Which adrenergic receptor type is widely distributed in blood vessels and is primarily responsible for vasoconstriction?
Which adrenergic receptor type is widely distributed in blood vessels and is primarily responsible for vasoconstriction?
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What is the primary action of dopamine at a dose of 1-2 µg/kg/min?
What is the primary action of dopamine at a dose of 1-2 µg/kg/min?
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Which agent is primarily used to increase blood pressure in hypotensive states?
Which agent is primarily used to increase blood pressure in hypotensive states?
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Which of the following medications is a selective β₁ agonist?
Which of the following medications is a selective β₁ agonist?
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What is a common side effect associated with prolonged use of nasal decongestants like naphazoline?
What is a common side effect associated with prolonged use of nasal decongestants like naphazoline?
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Which agent is known for its use in the treatment of glaucoma?
Which agent is known for its use in the treatment of glaucoma?
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What is one of the uses of clonidine beyond hypertension treatment?
What is one of the uses of clonidine beyond hypertension treatment?
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What condition is Midodrine, a prodrug, used to treat?
What condition is Midodrine, a prodrug, used to treat?
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Which medication is contraindicated due to the risk of hemorrhagic stroke?
Which medication is contraindicated due to the risk of hemorrhagic stroke?
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What primary function does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) perform?
What primary function does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) perform?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
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What distinguishes the efferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system?
What distinguishes the efferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system?
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In contrast to the autonomic nervous system, what type of control does the somatic nervous system provide?
In contrast to the autonomic nervous system, what type of control does the somatic nervous system provide?
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Identify the receptors associated with the adrenergic system.
Identify the receptors associated with the adrenergic system.
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What is the role of afferent neurons in the autonomic nervous system?
What is the role of afferent neurons in the autonomic nervous system?
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Which system is responsible for promoting 'rest and digest' functions in the body?
Which system is responsible for promoting 'rest and digest' functions in the body?
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Which of the following accurately describes the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following accurately describes the autonomic nervous system?
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What is the primary action of selective alpha1 blockers?
What is the primary action of selective alpha1 blockers?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of phenoxybenzamine?
Which of the following is a characteristic of phenoxybenzamine?
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Which condition is primarily treated using selective alpha1 blockers?
Which condition is primarily treated using selective alpha1 blockers?
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What adverse effect is commonly associated with the first few doses of selective alpha1 blockers?
What adverse effect is commonly associated with the first few doses of selective alpha1 blockers?
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Which drug is specifically used to prevent hypertensive episodes in pheochromocytoma?
Which drug is specifically used to prevent hypertensive episodes in pheochromocytoma?
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What is a notable difference between nonselective and selective alpha-blockers regarding tachycardia?
What is a notable difference between nonselective and selective alpha-blockers regarding tachycardia?
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Which selective alpha1 blocker has a unique action on prostatic receptors?
Which selective alpha1 blocker has a unique action on prostatic receptors?
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What is a potential effect of long-term use of selective alpha1 blockers?
What is a potential effect of long-term use of selective alpha1 blockers?
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What effect does stimulation of beta1 receptors have on the body?
What effect does stimulation of beta1 receptors have on the body?
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Which receptor is primarily responsible for bronchodilation?
Which receptor is primarily responsible for bronchodilation?
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What is one of the main roles of dopaminergic receptors in the body?
What is one of the main roles of dopaminergic receptors in the body?
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How are neurotransmitters primarily inactivated after their function?
How are neurotransmitters primarily inactivated after their function?
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Which enzymes are responsible for the degradation of norepinephrine in the body?
Which enzymes are responsible for the degradation of norepinephrine in the body?
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Which functional effects are associated with the stimulation of beta2 receptors?
Which functional effects are associated with the stimulation of beta2 receptors?
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What role does reuptake play in the inactivation of norepinephrine?
What role does reuptake play in the inactivation of norepinephrine?
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What mnemonic aids in remembering the functions of beta1 and beta2 receptors?
What mnemonic aids in remembering the functions of beta1 and beta2 receptors?
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Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System Agents
- The central nervous system (CNS) is the body's primary nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord.
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is outside the CNS and has two divisions: autonomic and somatic.
- The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion, affecting smooth muscles and glands.
- The somatic nervous system controls voluntary actions, impacting skeletal muscles.
- The ANS has afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) neurons.
- Efferent pathways are divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.
- The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems act on the same organs but create opposing responses for homeostasis.
Sympathetic Nervous System
- Also known as the adrenergic system, once believed to use adrenaline as the neurotransmitter.
- The primary neurotransmitter is norepinephrine.
- Adrenergic receptors include alpha1, alpha2, beta1, and beta2.
- Norepinephrine is released from nerve endings, stimulating cell receptors.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Also called the cholinergic system, primarily uses acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter between neurons and the target organ.
- Cholinergic receptors are either nicotinic or muscarinic, activating by nicotine and muscarine, respectively.
- Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine to prevent prolonged action.
- Drugs mimicking these neurotransmitters produce opposite effects in organs.
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Responses to Drugs
- Sympathomimetics (mimic sympathetic) and parasympathomimetics (mimic parasympathetic) cause opposite responses.
- Sympatholytics (block sympathetic) and parasympatholytics (block parasympathetic) can cause similar results in certain organs.
- Sympathetic and parasympathetic responses have opposite effects on various body parts (e.g., pupils dilate/constrict, bronchi dilate/constrict etc).
Adrenergic Agonists
- Drugs stimulating the sympathetic system, mimicking norepinephrine and epinephrine.
- Act on adrenergic receptor sites (alpha1, alpha2, beta1, and beta2) in various organs.
- Alpha receptors found in blood vessels, eye, bladder, prostate, constricting arterioles, increasing blood pressure/improved circulation
- Alpha2 receptors located in postganglionic endings, inhibiting norepinephrine release, leading to less vasoconstriction and reduced blood pressure.
- Beta1 receptors predominantly in the heart, increasing myocardial contractility and heart rate. Receptors also located in the kidney impacting blood pressure.
- Beta2 receptors located in lungs, liver and uterine muscle. Relax smooth muscle, causing bronchodilation, decreasing GI tone/motility, increasing blood glucose, and relaxing uterine muscle.
Inactivation of Neurotransmitters
- Neurotransmitter action is terminated by reuptake, enzymatic degradation (e.g., MAO, COMT), or diffusion.
- Drugs can prolong neurotransmitter action by inhibiting reuptake or degradation.
Directly Acting Sympathomimetics
- Catecholamines (e.g., adrenaline) and non-catecholamines (e.g., isoprenaline) directly stimulate alpha and beta receptors.
- Adrenaline is a crucial drug for anaphylactic shock, given intramuscularly.
Indirectly Acting Sympathomimetics
- These drugs increase norepinephrine in the synapse by blocking reuptake or releasing it from storage vesicles.
- Tyramine and methylphenidate are examples. Methylphenidate is used for ADHD.
Mixed Action Sympathomimetics
- Drugs with both direct and indirect effects on sympathetic activity.
- Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are examples, found in cold remedies.
Sympatholytic Drugs - Alpha Blockers
- These drugs, in particular phenoxybenzamine (irreversible), phentolamine, and tolazoline (reversible), block alpha receptors.
- Non-selective alpha blockers result in vasodilation and postural hypotension.
- Selective alpha1-blockers such as prazosin and terazosin are useful for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) due to relaxation of the prostate and urethra, impacting blood pressure to a lesser degree than non-selective blockers.
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Description
This quiz explores the key components of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), detailing its structure and function. It covers the differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems and their roles in regulating involuntary bodily functions. Test your knowledge on neurotransmitters and receptor types involved in these processes.
