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Questions and Answers
Match the component of an automated system with its function:
Match the component of an automated system with its function:
Sensors = Gather data about the environment Microprocessor = Process data and make decisions Actuators = Execute actions based on decisions ADC (Analogue-Digital Converter) = Convert analogue data to digital data
Match the application area with the benefit of using automated systems:
Match the application area with the benefit of using automated systems:
Industrial = Improved quality and flexibility in manufacturing Transport = Enhanced safety and efficiency in vehicle operation Agriculture = Optimized resource utilization and crop management Science = Increased accuracy and repeatability in experiments
Match the challenge with its impact on automated systems:
Match the challenge with its impact on automated systems:
Expensive setup = High initial investment costs Cybersecurity Risks = Potential compromise of system integrity Maintenance needs = Ongoing costs for upkeep and repairs Unforeseen conditions = Safety implications due to untested scenarios
Match the feature to the type of robot that it describes:
Match the feature to the type of robot that it describes:
Match the component with its role in a robot:
Match the component with its role in a robot:
Match the industrial advantage to its description:
Match the industrial advantage to its description:
Match the factor with its importance in adaptive cruise control:
Match the factor with its importance in adaptive cruise control:
Match the term with the component from AI systems or Robotics:
Match the term with the component from AI systems or Robotics:
Match each AI characteristic with its description:
Match each AI characteristic with its description:
Match the expert system component to its function:
Match the expert system component to its function:
Match the AI application with its use case:
Match the AI application with its use case:
Match the sector with an example application for robots identified in the text:
Match the sector with an example application for robots identified in the text:
Match the AI term to a clear definition extracted from the text:
Match the AI term to a clear definition extracted from the text:
Match how the following terms are related:
Match how the following terms are related:
Match each of the listed automatic transport technologies to a clear description.
Match each of the listed automatic transport technologies to a clear description.
Flashcards
Automated system definition
Automated system definition
Combination of hardware and software that is designed and programmed to work automatically without any human intervention.
Sensors
Sensors
Input devices that take readings from surroundings and send this data to a microprocessor or computer.
Microprocessor role
Microprocessor role
Processes data and takes the necessary action based on programming.
Output form
Output form
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Distributed Control System (DCS)
Distributed Control System (DCS)
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Characteristics of a robot
Characteristics of a robot
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Robotics definition
Robotics definition
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Dependent Robot
Dependent Robot
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Autonomous
Autonomous
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Accelerometers measure...
Accelerometers measure...
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Proximity Sensor in Gaming
Proximity Sensor in Gaming
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Turbulence sensors
Turbulence sensors
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Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
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Expert System
Expert System
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Machine Learning
Machine Learning
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Study Notes
Automated and Emerging Technologies
- This chapter explores automated systems, robotics, and AI
- It will examine how these technologies impact daily life
Automated Systems
- Automated systems combine software and hardware to function without human intervention, though monitoring is common
Sensors, Microprocessors, and Actuators
- Sensors detect changes in their environment and relay data to a microprocessor
- Microprocessors process sensor data and dictate actions based on programming
- If sensor data is analog, it's converted to digital using an analog-digital converter (ADC)
- Actuators execute actions (controlling motors, wheels, etc.) based on microprocessor signals
Advice For Understanding Automated Systems
- Focus on understanding the interactions between sensors, actuators, and the computer
Advantages of Automated Systems
- Faster response times than humans
- Enhanced safety by removing humans from dangerous environments
- Consistent performance due to quick identification and reaction to changes
- Long-term cost savings as automation replaces human labor
Disadvantages of Automated Systems
- High initial setup and significant testing costs
- Potential for unforeseen circumstances not covered during testing
- Susceptibility to cyberattacks
- Ongoing maintenance expenses
Industrial Applications: Nuclear Power Station Example
- Distributed Control System (DCS) monitors a nuclear power plant's processes
- Sensors gather data such as temperature, pressure, flow, gas levels, and radiation levels
- Data is sent to a DCS; analog data is converted using an ADC
- The DCS accesses a database of operational data and parameters
- The DCS instructs actuators to operate pumps and valves
- In emergencies, the system can automatically shut down
- A supervisor can override the DCS from a remote control room
Industrial Applications: Paracetamol Manufacture
- The process involves creating paracetamol (Process 1) and forming tablets (Process 2)
- Sensors monitor both processes and send data to a central computer
- The computer ensures parameters stay within acceptable bounds
- The computer sends instructions to actuators that manage pumps, valves, heaters, stirrers, or pistons
- A remote monitoring station manned by a human operator can override the system
Transport Applications: Self-Parking Cars
- Onboard sensors and cameras assess parking space size
- The system alerts the driver if a space is suitable
- The driver selects auto-parking, then the computer controls the system
- Actuators manage steering, braking, and throttle
- Bumper sensors transmit signals bouncing off objects, calculating distance with return time
- The computer forms a 3D image of surroundings using sensors
Transport Applications: Adaptive Cruise Control
- This utilizes sensors, an onboard computer, and actuators
- It allows a car to maintain a safe distance from other vehicles
- Lasers in the car's bumper send signals that bounce off the car ahead
- The computer calculates distance based on signal return time
- If the gap is too small, the computer slows the car by applying brakes or reducing throttle
- If the gap is too large, the car is accelerated to the set speed
Agriculture Applications: Automated Irrigation System
- Employs wireless tech to remotely monitor fields (over 10 km² wide)
- Weather station data is sent to a controller every ten minutes
- Ultrasonic sensors in fields measure water levels in irrigation channels
- Sensors send data by wireless transmitters to a receiver and then to the controller
- Controller uses field and weather data to manage water pumps
- Actuators control the pumps
Weather Automation
- Automated weather stations save labor and gather information
- They are good for remote regions or for areas needing constant weather data
- Automated weather stations need a microprocessor, a storage database, a battery, and sensors
###Gaming Applications
- Gaming devices use sensors to provide realism
- Accelerometers measure acceleration/deceleration, responding to device tilting
- Proximity sensors in touchpads detect hand/finger position
Lighting Applications
- Microprocessor-controlled lighting uses sensors
- Light sensors switch lights depending on ambient light
- Motion sensors turn on lights when someone enters
Science Applications
- In scientific research, automated systems are widely used in laboratory settings
Robotics
- Robotics: A branch of computer science integrating robot design, construction, and operation.
History of the Term
- Term "robot" derived from Czech word "robota," meaning forced labor.
- First appeared in the 1920s play "Rossum's Universal Robots."
Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics
- A robot may not injure a human.
- A robot must obey human orders, unless conflicting with Law 1.
- A robot must protect itself, unless conflicting with Law 1.
Locations of Robots
- Factories (welding, painting, fitting, cutting, bottling, warehouses)
- Homes (floor sweepers, lawn mowers, ironing robots, pool cleaners, window cleaners, entertainment)
- Drones (reconnaissance, parcel delivery)
Characteristics of Robots
- Ability to sense their environment via sensors.
- Sensors can recognize size, shape, weight, and temperature.
- Capability in movement using wheels, cogs, gears, pistons, etc.
- Mechanical structures comprised of motors, hydraulic pipes, and actuators.
- The usage end effectors: attachments for specific tasks
- Programmable: Have controllers that decides action based on sensor data
- Controller: Programmable to do the tasks
- Note that robotics and AI are different fields.
Two Notes
- Many robots lack AI, performing repetitive tasks.
- "Software robots" (search engine bots, chatbots) aren't true robots.
Robot Classifications
- Independent Robots: No direct human control, autonomous.
- Dependent Robots: Human interfaces/controls the robot, supplements human activity.
The Role of Robots (Industries)
- Automation increases consistency/precision
Industry (The Advantages)
- Robots perform repetitive task
- Programmed on a set of instructions
- The movement is stores, and each test is carries out identically to the other tasks
Robots Use Sensors To Monitor Environment
- Prevent from doing stupid things
- Equip with censors that provides important info of the surrounding
Robot Advantages (Factory Setting)
- Capable of doing things that are hazardous for humans to do
- Is less expensive in the long run (fewer salary's to give, more productive, less heating and cooling bill)
Robot Disadvantages (Factory Setting)
- Difficult to do Non-Standard tasks
- Higher Unemployment Rate
- Can be descaling, deskilling when robots take certain tasks
- Expensive
Drivless Vehicles
- Growing in number
- Big problem isn't in the technology by human perception
Autonomous Cars and Buses
- Use camera censored and micro processors
- Help to make decision safely
- Cameras catches visual data
- Sensors and cameras give image of the Road
Sensors and Cameras Send Signals for Physical Actions
- Gear change
- Apply the breaks
- Turn the steering wheel
AI Keypoint (Consider Email, Chatbox)
- It can discern Pattern
- Can Adapt
- Can React
Advantages of Autonomous Vehicles
- Reduces accidents with human error removed
- Environment becomes more efficient
- Reduce traffic congestion
- It will increase lane capacity to 100%
Disadvantage of Autonomous Vehicles
- Expensive
- System Hacker
- System Not Maintained (Cameras are dirty)
- Signal fails
Advantages of Autonomous Trains
- Improves puntuality
- Reduced running cost (fewer employees)
- Reduce risk by adding redundancy
Disadvantages of Autonomous Trains
- High install coast
- System does not work well in busy environment
- Passenger behaviour can be unpredictable
Airplanes With Auto Pilot
- Extensive use of sense processors and activators to controls of all stages
- Sensor detect trouble and reduce turbulence for smooth flights
- Sensors that auto detect deprassurization on train and use GPS
Pilatus Airplanes: Advantages of Pilotless Airplanes
- Security aspects remain in a pilotless airplane
- Improved passenger comfort with auto pilot
- Reduced running cast (fewer staff)
- Improved aerodynamics with no cockpit
Pilotatus Airplanes: Disadvantages of Pilotless Airplanes
- Hacking into the system is possible
- Programs need to be up to date to prevent damages
- Reluctance to use new tech for passenger
Agriculture: Robotics Improves Agriculture
- Harvesting of vegetables and fruits
- We control
- Phenotyping (plant growth and health
- Seeding and fertilization
- Automous labors
Agrictulre (Continued)
- Robots do labors in fields
- Robots is precise and fast (higher yield lowers waste) There are cameras for picking fruits (Veggie Bot)
Weed Control on Farms
- Weed Managing Robots (AI is used to see differences between each other)
- Mouton Rothschild Uses this device to make work easier in vineyards.
- Use GPS and move along the roses with weed robots
Drones in Weed Control
- Drones are use to identify the landscape
- It produces action which than send to the robots memory
Agrictulre (Pheno Typing)
- Observe each plant characteristics to see health
- Are equipped with sensors that can create 3-D Models
Autonomous agriculture devices
- Grass mowers, cutters
- Weeding pruning
- Seeding robotics
- Fertilized spraying
Medicine Involvers:
- Robots are used in surgery, safe cheaper process
- Micro bots are used for target therapy
- These of microscopic process, localizing and causing less damage
- Prosthetic limbs are the three characters
Robotic Household
- House robot chores with AI
- Autonomous Vaccums use a micro processor
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Overview
Definition
- AI simulates intelligent human behavior using computers.
- Replicates cognitive functions like reasoning, speech, and sight.
Categories of AI
- Narrow AI: Superior to humans in one task.
- General AI: Similar to humans in one task.
- Strong AI: Superior to humans in many tasks.
Characteristics
- Reasoning via data and situations; can learn and adapt.
- Examples include news generation, smart home devices (Alexa, Siri).
AI Systems: Expert Systems
Definition
- Mimics the decision-making of humans (e.g., diagnosis, problem-solving).
Components
- User interface
- Inference engine
- Knowledge base
- Explanation system
Advantages
- High-level expertise and accuracy.
- Vast storage and logical solutions.
- Quick response times and is unbiased
Disadvantages
- Requires user training and can be expensive.
- May give “cold” responses and be prone to user error.
AI Systems: Machine Learning
- Algorithms 'trained' from experience, allowing prediction and decision-making.
- Manage/analyze complex data in sophisticated search engines.
Key Concepts
Machine Learning
- Allows the algorithm to create its output with limited or no hard-coded parameters
Autonomous
- A system that operates independently without human intervention
Robots
- Systems require maintenance of the equipment and network.
System Reliability and Security:
- The data and AI model may get corrupted or be changed due to external tampering.
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Description
This section explores automated systems. It will examine how technologies combine hardware and software to function without human intervention. It also covers sensors, microprocessors, and actuators.