Automated Driving Systems Research
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary finding regarding Group 2 while driving under high-traffic conditions?

  • They took much longer to press the brake. (correct)
  • They did not press the brake at all.
  • Their response time was the same as during low-traffic conditions.
  • They pressed the brake faster than Group 1.

Which task resulted in the quickest response times according to the research on automated driving systems?

  • Visual-vocal tasks.
  • Non-driving related tasks.
  • Visual-manual tasks.
  • Auditory-vocal tasks. (correct)

How does talking to passengers compare to talking on a phone while driving?

  • It promotes situational awareness due to shared awareness of surroundings. (correct)
  • It has no impact on driving conditions.
  • It is more distracting than talking on the phone.
  • It has the same effect on driving performance.

What was identified as a potentially negative impact of a passenger during a drive?

<p>Over-controlling comments from a passenger can distract the driver. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the findings by Pouyakian et al. (2023), what was reported about the effects of conversations after they have concluded?

<p>The ongoing effects can still influence driving behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the average reaction time for participants using a mobile phone in the study by Strayer and Johnson?

<p>575 milliseconds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Redelmeier and Tibshirani, how much does using a mobile phone increase the risk of a collision?

<p>4.3 times more likely (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the increase in reaction time observed in Caird et al.'s meta-analysis when participants used phones?

<p>250 milliseconds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one finding of Caird et al. (2014) regarding the impact of texting while driving?

<p>Adverse effects on eye movements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion was made about the safety of hands-free devices in the context of driving?

<p>Hands-free devices provide no safety advantage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much additional distance does a 250 milliseconds delay in reaction time translate to while driving at 50mph?

<p>18 feet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following effects was most significant when participants were talking on the phone, according to Caird et al.?

<p>Increased reaction time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did increased texting while driving have on crash risk, according to Atwood et al.?

<p>Increased crash risk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cognitive control as described?

<p>To adapt behavior based on current goals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the surprising finding regarding heavy media multitaskers?

<p>They performed worse on task-switching ability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the study by Loh and Kanai (2014) reveal about heavy multi-media multitaskers?

<p>They have smaller grey matter density in the anterior cingulate cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the research suggest regarding the relationship between media multitasking and brain structure?

<p>Less dense grey matter attracts individuals to multitasking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion was drawn from the replication and meta-analysis by Wiradhany and Nieuwenstein (2017)?

<p>No support was found for the original study's conclusions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as the ability to respond to multiple tasks simultaneously?

<p>Divided attention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor influences divided attention according to the content provided?

<p>Task similarity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Schneider and Shiffrin (1977) demonstrate regarding practice?

<p>Automaticity increases with practice over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In McCleod's study, what types of tasks led to increased errors when performed concurrently?

<p>Tasks that utilize similar modalities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'supertaskers' refer to in multitasking?

<p>Those who manage to maintain high performance on complex tasks while multitasking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to later experiments, what occurs when both target and distractors are similar?

<p>No automaticity is shown. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does task difficulty impact divided attention?

<p>Higher difficulty tasks can impair performance when multitasking. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes multitasking?

<p>Performing two or more tasks during the same period of time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of mobile phone usage on pedestrians, according to the findings?

<p>They experience inattentional blindness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'switching cost' refer to in task switching?

<p>The decreased performance and accuracy after switching tasks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with individuals who are attracted to multitasking?

<p>They prefer single-tasking for better performance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the OFCOM report, what significant trend was observed among 13-17-year-olds?

<p>They often use their phone while watching television. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main method used in the Ophir et al. (2009) study?

<p>A questionnaire identifying levels of multitasking. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about multitasking?

<p>It can enhance performance by improving focus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is more likely to believe they are proficient at multitasking?

<p>Individuals who frequently engage in task-switching. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What negative impact can multitasking have, as highlighted in the content?

<p>More errors and time consumption. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect of mobile device presence on feelings of interpersonal connectedness during conversations?

<p>It reduced feelings of interpersonal connectedness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of participants were identified as supertaskers in the multitasking study?

<p>2.5% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT considered a dependent variable in the study of mobile device presence?

<p>Type of conversation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the common belief held by many individuals regarding multitasking?

<p>They are the exception to the effects of attention limitations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the multitasking study, which measure showed a typical performance decrement in dual-task conditions?

<p>The ability to drive effectively. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often are employees typically distracted while using a computer for work?

<p>Every 10.5 minutes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of mobile devices on the quality of conversation ratings?

<p>Decreased ratings of fulfillment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of students accessed unrelated web pages while attending class?

<p>62% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of multitasking is emphasized as affecting productivity negatively?

<p>40% drop in productivity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was shown to suffer in dual-task performance according to the multitasking study?

<p>Both driving and OSPAN measures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Divided Attention

The ability to focus your attention on multiple tasks or demands at the same time.

Task Switching

The process of switching between different tasks, often requiring mental effort and time.

Multimedia Multitasking

The use of multiple media forms simultaneously, like watching TV and browsing the internet.

Supertaskers

Experienced individuals who can carry out multiple tasks at the same time, seemingly effortlessly.

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Practice and Divided Attention

The more you practice a task, the easier it becomes to do it automatically, even while performing another task.

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Task Difficulty and Divided Attention

Tasks that are more difficult require more cognitive effort and can interfere with other concurrent tasks.

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Task Similarity and Divided Attention

When tasks use the same cognitive resources or senses, it's harder to do them concurrently.

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Mobile Phones and Driving

Research showing that using a mobile phone while driving significantly increases the risk of accidents.

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Mobile Phone Use and Reaction Time

Using a mobile phone while driving slows reaction times and increases the risk of missing traffic signals, regardless of whether the phone is hands-free or handheld.

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Mobile Phone Use and Collision Risk

A study examining mobile phone records of drivers involved in collisions revealed that those using a phone were significantly more likely to be in an accident.

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Hands-Free vs. Handheld Phones

Using a hands-free phone does not make driving any safer compared to holding a phone.

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Phone Use and Reaction Time (Meta-Analysis)

A meta-analysis of multiple studies showed that using a mobile phone significantly increased reaction times to events like brake lights.

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Texting While Driving

Texting and reading text messages while driving have the most negative effects on driver behavior, including eye movements, reaction times, and lane positioning.

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Reading vs. Typing Text Messages

Reading text messages has a less detrimental effect on driver behavior compared to typing or typing and reading.

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Prevalence of Texting While Driving

Studies indicate that the prevalence of texting while driving has increased, suggesting a potential rise in risky driving behavior.

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Voice-Operated Systems

Voice-operated systems for phone functions may offer a safer alternative compared to manual phone use.

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Switching Cost

The decrease in performance and accuracy that occurs when switching between tasks.

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High Sensation Seeker

People who are more likely to engage in multitasking due to their enjoyment of novelty and stimulation.

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Multitasking Perception

Individuals who are more likely to engage in multitasking because they believe they are good at it.

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Approach-Oriented

The tendency to be drawn to activities that offer potential rewards, including multitasking.

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Focus Difficulty

The inability to focus on one task for long periods due to distractibility or difficulty blocking out external stimuli.

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Conversation with passenger vs Phone call

Drivers conversing with passengers about traffic show increased awareness of the surroundings. The conversation itself becomes contextually linked to the driving situation, potentially reducing the negative impact on driving performance.

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Hands-free phone use

A study found that drivers talking on a hands-free phone showed significantly longer reaction times to braking emergencies, especially in high-traffic conditions.

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Automated driving and non-driving tasks

Drivers engaged in visual-manual tasks, like texting, take longer to respond to critical driving events in automated vehicles compared to auditory-vocal tasks, like listening to a podcast.

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Passenger's role in driving

Excessive guidance or commentary from a passenger can negatively impact a driver's performance. Remember, it's a balance between support and letting the driver focus.

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After-conversation effects

Research shows that driving performance can suffer from distraction even after a phone conversation has ended. The effects of the mental distraction linger for a while.

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Cognitive Control

The ability to focus attention on a specific task while ignoring distractions. It's essential for effective multitasking.

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Heavy Media Multitaskers

People who regularly juggle multiple media sources at once are more easily distracted by irrelevant information.

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Task-Switching Difficulty

Heavy media multitaskers often perform worse at switching between tasks, suggesting a reduced ability to filter out distractions and prioritize.

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Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)

The brain region responsible for cognitive and emotional control. Studies suggest heavy media multitaskers may have reduced grey matter density in this area.

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The iPhone Effect

The potential impact of excessive multimedia use on brain structure and cognitive abilities. Future research is needed to establish causality.

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Mobile Phones & Social Interaction

The presence of mobile devices during social interactions can significantly reduce the quality of the interaction, leading to lower feelings of connection and empathy.

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Mobile Phone Presence

Participants in a study who were asked to discuss a topic while in the presence of a mobile phone reported feeling less connected and empathic to their conversation partner.

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Empathy & Mobile Phone Usage

A study found that participants using mobile phones during conversations experienced significantly lower levels of empathy compared to those without.

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Phone Presence in Close Relationships

The study revealed that the negative impact of phone presence on empathy was stronger in closer relationships, suggesting that it disrupts intimate connections more intensely.

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Meaningful Conversations & Phone Presence

Even when individuals are trying to delve into meaningful topics, the presence of mobile devices still undermines the quality of the conversation.

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Mobile Phone Usage Prevalence

A significant portion (29%) of participants in a study were observed using mobile devices during a 10-minute conversation.

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Supertaskers (Driving & Cognitive Task)

A study using a driving simulator found that only a small percentage of individuals (2.5%) could successfully multitask driving with a cognitive task without experiencing performance declines.

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Multitasking Performance Decline

Research suggests that most individuals (98%) experience a decline in performance when multitasking, even if they believe they are adept at it.

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Multitasking & Productivity

Despite widespread belief that multitasking is effective, research shows that multitasking leads to a decrease in productivity, often around 40%.

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Multitasking in Learning

Multitasking frequently occurs in learning environments, with students often engaging in unrelated activities on their computers during classes.

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Study Notes

Multitasking

  • Multitasking is performing two or more tasks simultaneously.
  • Learning objectives focus on understanding divided attention, empirical work on mobile phones and driving/walking, task switching, multimedia multitasking, and whether multitasking is beneficial. Supertaskers are also discussed.

Divided Attention

  • Divided attention is the ability to respond to multiple tasks or demands at the same time.
  • Factors like task difficulty and task similarity affect divided attention.

Practice

  • Schneider and Shiffrin (1977) demonstrated the impact of practice on multitasking.
  • Participants were shown a target stimulus, followed by a rapid series of test frames.
  • The task required retaining the target in memory and checking if it appeared in the test frames.
  • Performance improved with practice, eventually reaching automaticity after about 600 trials.

Task Difficulty

  • Task difficulty influences divided attention.
  • More challenging tasks make multitasking more difficult.

Task Similarity

  • Similar tasks are harder to perform concurrently (multitask).
  • McLeod (1977) demonstrated this effect.

Mobile Phones and Driving

  • Strayer and Johnson (2001) found that using a mobile phone significantly decreased reaction time and increased missed red lights in a driving simulation.
  • Phone use impacts driving, whether hand-held or hands-free.
  • Redelmeier and Tibshirani (1997) showed a quadruple increase in collision risk for drivers using a mobile phone.
  • Caird et al. (2008) found that reaction times increased by 250 milliseconds when participants used phones.

Typing and Driving

  • Typing and reading text messages negatively impacted eye movements, stimulus detection, reaction time, collisions, and driving performance.
  • Studies show that texting and driving significantly increases collision risk.

Driving and Phone Use

  • Strayer et al. (2003) studied the effect of phone use on driving in traffic simulations.
  • Results showed that hands-free phone use could still impair performance, particularly in complex or high-traffic situations.
  • Other studies also indicate that conversations or the usage of phone functions impacts driving negatively.

Automated Driving Systems

  • Wanda et al. (2018) investigated response times to critical tasks while driving in highly automated systems, and during non driving related tasks.
  • Response times were longer when the non-driving task was visual-vocal or visual-manual, e.g., reading or writing text messages.

Talking to Passengers

  • Conversations with passengers can be different than conversations on phones.
  • Context impacts the complexity of a conversation, which might decrease the potential for negative effects on the driver.
  • Conversations with passengers can often lead to more situational awareness and could decrease driver distraction risk.
  • Studies have shown differences in attention, distraction, and performance based on types of conversations and passengers.
  • Hyman et al. (2010) studied walking behavior and conversations while using phones, showing poor performance in both tasks.

Task Switching

  • Task switching involves shifting attention between different tasks.
  • Switching costs include slower performance and decreased accuracy.
  • Using a phone, in particular, causes greater switching costs.

Multimedia Multitasking

  • OFCOM (2021) report showed increased online activity, including the use of multiple devices/media at once (i.e., phone and TV).
  • Ophir et al. (2009) studied individuals high and low in multimedia multitasking levels/frequency and found reduced cognitive control in heavy multitaskers.
  • The study indicated worse task-switching abilities with heavy multitaskers.

The iPhone Effect

  • 200 participants took part in a study where conversation quality was measured to see how mobile phones might impact real-life interactions.
  • Presence of a phone reduced interpersonal connectedness.
  • Also studied if the type of conversation affected interpersonal connectedness and how phone use impacted conversation quality.

Supertaskers

  • Individuals with exceptional multitasking skills show a pattern related to other studies, and were studied using specific tests.
  • Watson and Strayer (2010) used the OSPAN task and driving simulations to measure multitasking abilities in a study.
  • Performance was markedly inferior when multitasking.
  • Multitasking decreased performance in a variety of tasks.

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Related Documents

Cognitive Psychology Lecture Notes- Multitasking PDF

Description

Explore the findings from recent studies on automated driving systems and the effects of communication while driving. This quiz covers various aspects including response times, risks associated with mobile phone usage, and the role of passengers during drives. Test your knowledge on how these factors influence driving safety.

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